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. 2021 Jun 17;22(12):6482. doi: 10.3390/ijms22126482

Table 1.

Study characteristics.

Author (Year) Country Study Design Study Population Intervention Anthocyanin Dose/Day Study Duration Sample Size * Age (Years) Male (%) Cognitive Domains Vascular Function Cardiometabolic Parameters
Ahles (2020) [31] NL Parallel Healthy middle-aged adults Chokeberry extract 16 mg; 27 mg 24 weeks 34/35/32 53 # 36 # Attention and Psychomotor Speed, Executive Function ABI, cIMT, eP BP
Arevström (2019) [32] Sweden Parallel Myocardial infarction survivors Bilberry powder 90 mg # 8 weeks 25/25 67 #,$ 84 # BP, Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Barfoot (2018) [33] UK Parallel Healthy children Freeze-dried wild blueberry juice 253 mg 2 h 29/25 8 # 25 # Executive Function, Memory
Basu (2010) [34] USA Parallel Obese individuals with MetS Freeze-dried blueberry juice 742 mg 8 weeks 25/23 50 # 8 # BP, Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Boespflug (2018) [35] USA Parallel Older adults with MCI Freeze-dried blueberry powder 269 mg 16 weeks 8/8 78 # 44 # Memory
Bowtell (2017) [36] UK Parallel Healthy older adults Blueberry extract 387 mg 12 weeks 12/14 68 # 50 # Executive Function, Memory, Other
Castro-Acosta (2016) [37] UK Cross-Over Healthy men and postmenopausal women Blackcurrant extract 131 mg; 322 mg; 599 mg 2 h 22 45 59 DVP BP
Cho (2020) [38] South Korea Parallel Individuals with increased cholesterol Black raspberry extract nr 12 weeks 39/38 47 # 25 # BP, Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Cook (2017) [39] UK Cross-Over Healthy men New Zealand blackcurrant extract 210 mg 1 week 13 25 100 Femoral artery diameter BP
Cook (2017) [40] UK Cross-Over Male athletes New Zealand blackcurrant extract 105 mg; 210 mg; 315 mg 1 week 15 38 100 BP
Cook (2020) [41] UK Cross-Over Healthy older adults New Zealand blackcurrant extract 210 mg 1 week 14 60 86 # Attention and Psychomotor Speed, Executive Function, Memory BP
Curtis (2009) [42] UK Parallel Healthy postmenopausal women Elderberry extract 500 mg 12 weeks 26/26 58 # 0 BP, Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Curtis (2019) [43] UK Parallel Overweight/obese adults with MetS Freeze-dried blueberry powder 182 mg; 364 mg 24 weeks 37/39/39 63 # 68 # AIx, FMD, PWV BP, Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Del Bó (2013) [44] Italy Cross-Over Healthy men Blueberry jello 348 mg 1 h 10 21 100 RHI BP
Del Bó (2017) [45] Italy Cross-Over Healthy men Blueberry juice 309 mg 2 h 12 24 100 AIx, RHI BP
Istas (2019) [46] UK Parallel Healthy men Chokeberry extract and whole fruit 3.6 mg; 30 mg 12 weeks 23/23/20 24 # 100 FMD BP, Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Jeong (2014) [47] South Korea Parallel Adults with MetS Black raspberry extract nr 12 weeks 39/38 59 # 47 # ABI, cIMT, PWV, FMD Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Jeong (2016) [48] South Korea Parallel Prehypertensive adults Black raspberry extract nr 8 weeks 15/15/15 57 # 53 # AIx, PWV BP
Jeong (2016) [49] South Korea Parallel Adults with MetS Black raspberry extract nr 12 weeks 26/25 59 # 45 # AIx BP
Jin (2011) [50] UK Cross-Over Healthy adults Blackcurrant juice nr 2 h 20 45 # 45 # vascular reactivity
Johnson (2015) [51] USA Parallel Postmenopausal women with (pre)hypertension Freeze-dried blueberry powder 103 mg # 8 weeks 20/20 59 # 0 PWV BP
Khan (2014) [52] UK Parallel Healthy adults with low fruit intake Blackcurrant juice 10 mg; 35.75 mg 6 weeks 21/22/21 52 # 67 # FMD BP, Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Krikorian (2010) [53] USA Parallel Older adults with MCI Blueberry juice 428-598 mg 1 12 weeks 9/7 78 # 31 # Memory
Krikorian (2020) [54] USA Parallel Older adults with MCI Freeze-dried blueberry fruit powder 258 mg 16 weeks 16/21 77 # 46 # Attention and Psychomotor Speed, Executive Function, Memory
Loo (2016) [55] Finland Cross-Over Adults with mild hypertension Chokeberry juice and powder 1024 mg 8 weeks 38 56 37 # BP, Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
McAnulty (2014) [56] UK Parallel Sedentary individuals Blueberry powder nr 6 weeks 13/12 43 # nr AIx, PWV BP
McAnulty (2019) [57] USA Parallel Sedentary individuals Freeze-dried blueberry powder nr 3 weeks 10/12 56 # 32 # AIx, PWV BP
McNamara (2018) [58] USA Parallel Older adults with subjective MCI Freeze-dried blueberry powder 269 mg 24 weeks 19/20 68 # 46 # Attention and Psychomotor Speed, Executive Function, Memory
Miller (2018) [59] USA Parallel Healthy older adults Freeze-dried blueberry powder 230 mg # 90 days 18/19 68 # 32 # Attention and Psychomotor Speed, Executive Function, Memory, Other
Murkovic (2004) [60] Austria Parallel Healthy adults Elderberry juice 40 mg 2 weeks 17/17 29 # 59 # Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Naruszewicz (2007) [61] Poland Parallel Myocardial infarction survivors Chokeberry extract 64 mg # 6 weeks 22/22 66 # 75 # BP, Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Okamoto (2020) [62] Japan Cross-Over Healthy older adults New Zealand blackcurrant extract 210 mg 1 week 14 73 43 AIx, PWV, PWV BP, Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Petrovic (2016) [63] Serbia Parallel Young athletes Chokeberry juice nr 4 weeks 18/14 18 # 47 # Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Pokimica (2019) [64] Serbia Parallel Individuals at cardiovascular risk Chokeberry juice 28.3 mg; 113.3 mg 4 weeks 27/28/29 41 # 38 # BP, Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Riso (2013) [65] Italy Cross-Over Healthy men at cardiovascular risk Freeze-dried blueberry powder 375 mg 6 weeks 18 48 100 AIx, RHI BP, Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Rodriguez-Mateos (2013) [29] UK Cross-Over Healthy men Freeze-dried blueberry powder 310 mg; 517 mg; 724 mg 24 h 10 27 100 AIx, DVP, FMD, PWV BP
Cross-Over Healthy men Freeze-dried blueberry powder 129 mg; 258 mg; 310 mg; 517 mg; 724 mg 1 h 11 27 100 FMD
Rodriguez-Mateos (2014) [66] UK Cross-Over Healthy men Freeze-dried blueberry powder 196 mg; 339 mg 6 h 10 27 100 FMD
Stull (2010) [67] USA Parallel Obese, insulin resistant adults Freeze-dried blueberry powder 668 mg 6 weeks 15/17 52 # 16 # BP, Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Stull (2015) [68] USA Parallel Adults with MetS Freeze-dried blueberry powder 290.3 mg 6 weeks 23/21 57 # 36 # RHI BP, Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Tomisawa (2019) [69] Japan Cross-Over Healthy male smokers Blackcurrant extract 50 mg 2 h 13 22 100 FMD
Traupe (2018) [70] Italy Parallel Middle-aged adults scheduled for prostatectomy Blueberry juice nr appr. 4 weeks 13/13 67 # nr Attention and Psychomotor Speed, Executive Function, Memory
Watson (2019) [71] UK Cross-Over Healthy young adults Blackcurrant juice 115.09 mg 2 h 9 23 33 # Attention and Psychomotor Speed
Whyte (2015) [72] UK Cross-Over Healthy children Blueberry juice 143 mg 2 h 14 9 71 # Executive Function, Memory
Whyte (2016) [73] UK Cross-Over Healthy children Freeze-dried wild blueberry powder 127 mg; 254 mg 6 h 21 9 43 # Attention and Psychomotor Speed, Executive Function, Memory
Whyte (2017) [74] UK Cross-Over Healthy children Wild blueberry powder 253 mg 3 h 21 8 52 # Executive Function
Whyte (2018) [75] UK Parallel Older adults with subjective MCI Wild blueberry powder and extract 1.35 mg; 2.7 mg; 7 mg 24 weeks 30/30/31/31 71 39 # Executive Function, Memory BP
Whyte (2020) [76] UK Cross-Over Healthy middle-aged adults Wild blueberry powder 475 mg 8 h 35 51 34 # Executive Function, Memory
Whyte (2020) [30] UK Cross-Over Healthy children Wild blueberry powder 253 mg 3 h 18 8 39 # Executive Function
UK Cross-Over Healthy children Wild blueberry powder 253 mg 75 min 17 9 29 # Memory, Other
Xie (2017) [77] USA Parallel Former smokers Chokeberry extract 45.1 mg 12 weeks 25/24 35 # 49 # BP, Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

# indicates that the value was calculated; $ indicates that the median was reported; 1 indicates that the dosage was dependent on body weight; * for sample size, first the intervention group (if applicable: lowest to highest anthocyanin dose) was reported, followed by control. Abbreviations: ABI: ankle-brachial index; AIx: augmentation index; BP: blood pressure; nr: not reported. cIMT: carotid artery intima-media thickness; DVP: digital volume pulse; eP: Peterson equivalent; FMD: brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation; MCI: mild cognitive impairment; PWV: pulse wave velocity; RHI: reactive hyperemia index.