Table 2.

Studies carried out with N-acetylcysteine in different clinical conditions.

Disease	Study Type	Dose	Treatment Type	Administration Routes	References
Lung diseases
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	Clinical trial	600 mg/day	3 years	Oral	[51]
	Clinical trial	600 mg/day	3 years	Oral	[52]
	Clinical trial NCT01136239	1200 mg/day	1 year	Oral	[53]
	Clinical trial ChiCTR-TRC-09000460	1200 mg/day	1 year	Oral	[54]
	Clinical trial NCT01599884	3600 mg/day	8 weeks	Oral	[55]
	Systematic review with meta-analysis	>600 mg/day	Long term	Oral	[56]
	Systematic review with meta-analysis	≥1200 mg/day	Long term	Oral	[57]
	Systematic review	Low doses: ≤600 mg/day High doses: >600 mg/day	Minimum of 6 months	Oral	[58]
Cystic fibrosis	Systematic review with meta-analysis	600 mg to 2800 mg/day	3.9 and 12 months	Oral or inhalation	[59]
	Clinical trial	1800, 2400 and 3000 mg/day	4 weeks	Oral	[60]
	Clinical trial 2007-001401-15	2400 mg/day	4 weeks	Oral	[61]
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis	Systematic review with meta-analysis	704.8 to 1800 mg/day	-	Oral or inhalation	[62]
	Systematic review with meta-analysis	Oral doses: 1800 mg/day Inhalation doses: 704.8 mg	3 to 15 months	Oral or inhalation	[28]
Cardiovascular diseases	Clinical trial	15,000 mg/day	24 h	Intravenous	[63]
	Clinical trial	15,000 mg/day	24 h	Intravenous	[64]
Cardiac surgery	Systematic review with meta-analysis	<100 mg/kg/ to ≥300 mg/kg/day	<24 and >48 h	Oral and/ or intravenous	[65]
	Systematic review with meta-analysis	50 mg/kg to 600 mg	Until 48 h	Oral and/ or intravenous	[66]
	Clinical trial	50–150 mg/kg	1 h preoperatively and 48 h postoperatively	intravenous	[67]
Psychiatric illnesses
Schizophrenia	Multicenter clinical trial	2000 mg/day	4 weeks	Oral	[68]
	Clinical trial IRCT:2015080223463	1200 mg/day	12 weeks	Oral	[69]
	Systematic review with meta-analysis	600 mg to 3600 mg/day	≥24 weeks	Oral	[70]
	Clinical trial NCT01354132	2700 mg/day	6 months	Oral	[71]
Bipolar disorder	Clinical trial ACTRN12612000830897	2000 mg/day	16 weeks	Oral	[72]
	Clinical trial 12605000362695	1000 mg/day	24 weeks	Oral	[73]
Depression	Clinical trial ACTRN12607000134426	1000 mg/day	12 weeks	Oral	[74]
	Systematic review with meta-analysis	1000 mg to 3000 mg/day	-	Oral	[75]
Neurodegenerative diseases
Parkinson’s disease	Clinical trial NCT01427517	150 mg/kg	1 h	Intravenous	[76]
	Clinical trial NCT02445651	Intravenous doses: 50 mg/kg Oral doses: 1000 mg/day	3 months	Oral and intravenous	[77]
	Clinical trial NCT02212678	6000 mg/day	4 weeks	Oral	[78]
Alzheimer’s disease	Clinical trial NCT00903695	600 mg/day	6 months	Oral	[79]
Multiple sclerosis	Clinical trial NCT02804594	1250 mg/day	4 weeks	Oral	[80]
	Clinical trial NCT03032601	Intravenous doses: 50 mg/kg (once a week) Oral doses: 1000 mg/day (6 times a week)	2 months	Oral and Intravenous	[81]
Liver diseases
Paracetamol poisoning	Guide clinical practice	200 mg/kg in 4 h, then 100 mg/kg in 16 h	20 h	Intravenous	[82]
Acute liver failure	Randomized case control study	150 mg/kg over 1 h, followed by 12.5 mg/kg/h for 4 h and continuous infusion of 6.25 mg/kg/h for the remaining 67 h	72 h	Intravenous	[83]
	Systematic review	150 mg/ kg over 1 h, followed by 12.5 mg/kg/h for 4 h, and continuous infusions of 6.25 mg/kg/h for the remaining 67 h	72 h	Intravenous	[84]
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease	Clinical trial	600 mg/day	3 months	Oral	[85]
Acute alcoholic hepatitis	Multicenter clinical trial NCT00863785	Day 1: at a dose of 150, 50, and 100 mg/kg a period of 30 min, 4 h, and 16 h, respectively; Days 2 through 5: 100 mg/kg	28 days	Intravenous	[86]
	Multicenter clinical trial	300 mg/kg	14 days	Intravenous	[87]
Kidney diseases
Chronic renal patients undergoing cardiac	Systematic review with meta-analysis	150 mg/kg to 1200 mg	6 h to 7 days	Intravenous	[88]
Chronic kidney disease	Clinical trial	5000 mg	One hemodialysis session	Intravenous	[89]
	Clinical trial	600 mg/day	2 doses with 1 week interval	Oral	[90]
Gastrointestinal diseases
Helicobacter pylori infection	Clinical trial	600 mg/day	14 days	Oral	[91]
	Clinical trial	800 mg/day	5 days	Oral	[92]
Colon cancer associated with colitis	Systematic review	8000 mg to 1200 mg/day	7 days to 12 weeks	Oral	[93]
Gastrointestinal cancer	Clinical trial	1200 mg/day	2 days before surgery until the fifth day postoperatively	Schematic parenteral	[94]
	Clinical trial	800 mg/day	12 weeks	Oral	[95]
Ulcerative colitis	Clinical trial	800 mg/day	4 weeks	Oral	[96]
Infectious diseases
Chronic hepatitis B	Clinical trial	8000 mg/day	28 days	Intravenous	[97]
Pulmonary tuberculosis	Clinical trial	600 mg/day	2 months	Oral	[98]
SARS-CoV-2	Clinical trial NCT04374461	6000 mg/day	3 weeks	Intravenous	[99]
Chorioamnionitis	Clinical trial	100 mg/kg/dose and 12.5–25 mg/kg/dose their infants	Diagnosis until delivery and every 12 h for 5 doses to their infants	Intravenous	[100]
Infection and/or intrauterine inflammation	Clinical trial NCT00397735	150 mg/kg administered in 1 h, followed by continuous infusion of NAC (50 mg/kg) for 4 h and infusion of 100 mg/kg of NAC in the next 16 h or until delivery	-	Intravenous	[101]
Acute pyelonephritis	Clinical trial NCT02080182	Children with a body weight equal to or greater than 30 kg, 900 mg/day, children weighing between 8.5–30 kg, 600 mg/day, and those weighing less than 8.5 kg, 70 mg/kg/day	5 days	Oral	[102]
Cancer prevention and treatment
Radiation therapy, head and neck cancer	Prospective, controlled multicenter study	2400 mg/day	8 weeks	Inhalation therapy	[103]
	Clinical trial NCT02123511	2500 mg/day	-	Rinsing	[104]
Other conditions
Smoking cessation	Clinical trial NCT02420418	1800 mg/day	12 weeks	Oral	[105]
Male fertility	Clinical trial IRCT20170830035998N4	600 mg/day	3 months	Oral	[106]
Sickle cell anemia	Clinical trial NTR1013	1200 or 2400 mg/day	6 weeks	Oral	[107]
	Clinical trial	600 mg, 1200 mg or 2400 mg/day	7 months	Oral	[108]
Pre-eclampsia	Clinical trial	400 mg/day	6 weeks	Oral	[109]
	Clinical trial	600 mg/day	-	Oral	[110]
Metabolic syndrome	Pilot study	1200 mg/day	6 weeks	Oral	[111]
Ocular condtions
Chronic blepharitis	Clinical trial	100 mg/day	1 to 4 months	Oral	[112]
Meibomian gland dysfunction	Clinical trial	5%	1 month	Eye drops	[113]
	Clinical trial	5%	1 month	Eye drops	[114]