Table 2.
Adjusted * OR (95% CI) of having a positive COVID-19 test by nutritional factors.
| Nutritional Factor |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | p ** | OR (95%CI) | p ** | OR (95%CI) | p ** | |
| Coffee, Cups/Day | ||||||
| None or <1 cup | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| 1 cup | 0.90 (0.83, 0.97) | 0.007 | 0.90 (0.83, 0.98) | 0.015 | 0.93 (0.86, 1.01) | 0.106 |
| 2–3 cups | 0.89 (0.83, 0.95) | 0.001 | 0.90 (0.83, 0.96) | 0.003 | 0.92 (0.85, 0.99) | 0.021 |
| ≥4 cups | 0.92 (0.85, 0.996) | 0.040 | 0.92 (0.84, 0.999) | 0.047 | 0.91 (0.83, 0.99) | 0.025 |
| Tea, cups/day | ||||||
| None or <1 cup | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| 1 cup | 0.92 (0.82, 1.03) | 0.157 | 0.93 (0.82, 1.04) | 0.204 | 0.94 (0.84, 1.06) | 0.319 |
| 2–3 cups | 0.93 (0.85, 1.01) | 0.074 | 0.93 (0.85, 1.01) | 0.078 | 0.92 (0.84, 1.01) | 0.069 |
| ≥4 cups | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) | 0.941 | 0.98 (0.90, 1.06) | 0.543 | 0.96 (0.88, 1.05) | 0.347 |
|
Oily Fish,
Servings/Day |
||||||
| Quartile 1 (0–<0.07) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Quartile 2 (0.07–<0.14) | 0.93 (0.85, 1.02) | 0.102 | 0.94 (0.86, 1.03) | 0.183 | 0.97 (0.88, 1.06) | 0.482 |
| Quartiles 3 and 4 (≥0.14) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.04) | 0.244 | 0.98 (0.90, 1.07) | 0.654 | 1.00 (0.91, 1.09) | 0.967 |
| Processed Meat, Servings/Day | ||||||
| Quartile 1 (0–<0.07) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Quartile 2 (0.07–<0.14) | 1.02 (0.91, 1.14) | 0.699 | 1.05 (0.93, 1.19) | 0.410 | 1.04 (0.92, 1. 17) | 0.547 |
| Quartile 3 (0.14–<0.43) | 1.07 (0.96, 1.20) | 0.248 | 1.09 (0.97, 1.24) | 0.155 | 1.07 (0.94, 1.21) | 0.314 |
| Quartile 4 (≥0.43) | 1.12 (1.00, 1.25) | 0.053 | 1.14 (1.01, 1.29) | 0.036 | 1.12 (0.98, 1.26) | 0.091 |
|
Red Meat,
Servings/Day |
||||||
| Quartile 1 (0–<0.21) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Quartile 2 (0.21–<0.28) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 0.344 | 0.95 (0.87, 1.04) | 0.236 | 0.99 (0.90, 1.08) | 0.811 |
| Quartile 3 (0.28–<0.35) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.11) | 0.771 | 1.00 (0.90, 1.10) | 0.948 | 1.01 (0.91, 1.11) | 0.903 |
| Quartile 4 (≥0.35) | 0.99 (0.92, 1.08) | 0.878 | 0.98 (0.89, 1.07) | 0.600 | 0.98 (0.90, 1.08) | 0.697 |
| Fruit (Fresh/Dried), Servings/Day | ||||||
| Quartile 1 (0–<1.00) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Quartile 2 (1.00–<2.25) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.12) | 0.778 | 1.05 (0.95, 1.16) | 0.376 | 1.06 (0.95, 1.17) | 0.300 |
| Quartile 3 (2.25–<4.00) | 0.97 (0.87, 1.09) | 0.622 | 1.02 (0.91, 1.14) | 0.762 | 1.03 (0.91, 1.15) | 0.679 |
| Quartile 4 (≥4.00) | 0.97 (0.88, 1.09) | 0.635 | 1.03 (0.92, 1.15) | 0.660 | 1.03 (0.92, 1.16) | 0.596 |
| Vegetables (Cooked/Raw), Servings/Day | ||||||
| Quartile 1 (0–<0.50) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Quartile 2 (0.50–<0.67) | 0.92 (0.85, 0.99) | 0.034 | 0.93 (0.85, 1.00) | 0.060 | 0.96 (0.88, 1.04) | 0.271 |
| Quartile 3 (0.67–<1.00) | 0.87 (0.79, 0.96) | 0.006 | 0.88 (0.80, 0.98) | 0.015 | 0.93 (0.84, 1.03) | 0.186 |
| Quartile 4 (≥1.00) | 0.90 (0.83, 0.98) | 0.015 | 0.92 (0.84, 0.998) | 0.046 | 0.96 (0.88, 1.05) | 0.337 |
| Breastfed as a Baby | ||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Yes | 0.91 (0.85, 0.98) | 0.010 | 0.91 (0.85, 0.98) | 0.013 | 0.95 (0.88, 1.02) | 0.125 |
| Don’t know | 0.97 (0.91, 1.07) | 0.750 | 0.98 (0.90, 1.07) | 0.696 | 0.99 (0.91, 1.08) | 0.789 |
* Model 1: Adjusted for Townsend deprivation index, baseline age, sex, race, education, income, employment status, home ownership, number of co-habitants, BMI level, smoking status, physical activity, self-rated health, cholesterol-lowering medication use, antihypertension medication use, history of diabetes, and history of cardiovascular disease. Individual diet factors assessed in separate models. Model 2: Adjusted for all covariates listed in Model 1, with all diet factors included in the model (i.e., mutual adjustment). Model 3: Adjusted for all covariates listed in Model 2 and COVID-19 exposure score. ** An α of 0.05 was used as the cutoff for significance.