Figure 1.

Cytokine production of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα in the supernatants of PBMC stimulated with LPS and 2, 20, 200 µM of SCFA, assessed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Human PBMC were co-incubated with LPS and butyric acid (BA) (a–c), propanoic acid (PA) (d–f), or acetic acid (AA) (g–i). Values are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM), results from at least 7 subjects were used. Wilcoxon signed rank test to determine significance for pair-wise comparisons with the LPS control, * p < 0.05 is the cytokine level difference compared to the control LPS group (black bar).