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. 2021 Jun 17;13(6):894. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060894

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Validation analysis of the removal of extraliposomal Cu(DDC)₂ via surface area filtration. (a) Experimental procedure of testing consecutive filtration steps for the removal of extraliposomal Cu(DDC)₂. The 1^st + 2^nd filtration was part of the liposome preparation process. The 3^rd and 4^th filtration were conducted to determine the limit of filtration steps until affecting liposomal stability. Aliquots were collected after each step to determine the D/L ratio and lipid amount. (b) The D/L ratio and lipid amount of non-PEGylated and PEGylated liposomes were analyzed after consecutive filtration steps and evaluated statistically via one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison test (* p = 0.0104). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3–4).