Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants 1.
| Blacks, n = 47,789 | Whites, n = 20,360 | Chinese, n = 134,280 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 50.0 (45.0–56.0) | 52.0 (46.0–59.0) | 51.0 (45.0–61.0) |
| Men, % | 41.5 | 39.9 | 45.5 |
| Educational attainment, % | |||
| <High school graduation | 31.1 | 23.3 | 50.2 |
| High school graduation | 34.0 | 32.0 | 31.6 |
| Some college | 24.9 | 25.9 | 10.4 |
| ≥University degree | 10.0 | 18.8 | 7.8 |
| Cohort-specific income level 2, % | |||
| Low | 59.6 | 47.4 | 14.4 |
| Lower-middle | 22.4 | 18.5 | 40.3 |
| Upper-middle | 12.7 | 16.5 | 31.3 |
| High | 5.4 | 17.6 | 14.0 |
| Married, % | 29.4 | 49.2 | 92.8 |
| Smoking status, % | |||
| Never smoker | 37.4 | 33.5 | 66.8 |
| Former smoker | 19.9 | 27.7 | 5.2 |
| Current smoker | 42.7 | 38.8 | 28.0 |
| Smoking pack-years, among ever-smokers | 14.1 (6.8–25.0) | 26.3 (13.0–42.3) | 21.6 (12.3–31.5) |
| Alcohol consumption 3, % | |||
| None | 45.2 | 49.2 | 83.9 |
| Moderate drinking | 35.4 | 38.0 | 9.9 |
| Heavy drinking | 19.4 | 12.8 | 6.2 |
| Total physical activity, MET-hours/week | 124.8 (64.4–218.4) | 120.4 (63.0–208.2) | 78.9 (51.1–111.7) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 29.3 (25.1–34.7) | 28.7 (24.7–33.8) | 23.7 (21.6–25.9) |
| Menopause, among women, % | 64.1 | 74.3 | 49.2 |
| HRT, among women, % | 7.8 | 13.9 | 2.1 |
| Medical conditions at baseline, % | |||
| Diabetes | 22.0 | 19.2 | 5.2 |
| Hypertension | 57.4 | 48.2 | 27.1 |
| Dyslipidemia | 29.5 | 40.8 | 1.9 |
| Coronary heart disease | 5.6 | 9.2 | 6.4 |
| Stroke | 6.0 | 6.6 | 2.3 |
| Dietary factors | |||
| Total energy, kcal/day | 2301 (1566–3457) | 1988 (1435–2800) | 1728 (1469–2038) |
| Dietary cholesterol intake, mg/day | 321.1 (197.7–511.5) | 248.5 (162.0–389.4) | 290.9 (188.2–399.8) |
| Cholesterol from eggs | 91.5 (21.4–183.1) | 38.6 (22.5–118.5) | 106.3 (53.1–186.0) |
| Cholesterol from non-egg sources | 219.3 (140.2–346.6) | 175.8 (118.8–266.4) | 177.4 (123.8–241.4) |
| No. of eggs per week | 3.4 (0.8–6.9) | 1.5 (0.9–4.5) | 4.0 (2.0–7.0) |
| Healthy Eating Index | 57.4 (49.4–65.7) | 56.8 (48.0–66.2) | 34.0 (30.7–36.7) |
| Outcomes | |||
| Follow-up, years | 12.0 (10.0–14.0) | 12.0 (9.0–13.0) | 15.5 (12.7–18.8) |
| Deaths, n (per 100,000 person years) | 9849 (1782.0) | 4347 (1977.4) | 16,703 (805.9) |
| Cardiometabolic disease | 3917 (708.7) | 1432 (651.4) | 6764 (326.4) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 3282 (593.8) | 1253 (570.0) | 5846 (282.1) |
| Coronary heart disease | 1179 (213.3) | 595 (270.7) | 2182 (105.3) |
| Stroke | 557 (100.8) | 142 (64.6) | 2955 (142.6) |
| Diabetes | 635 (114.9) | 179 (81.4) | 918 (44.3) |
Abbreviations: HRT, hormone replacement therapy; n, Number; MET, metabolic equivalent of task. 1 Data are presented as median (interquartile range) of continuous variables or proportion (%) of categorical variables (except mortality outcomes). 2 Annual income was defined as low, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high (for the SCCS: annual household income < 15,000 US dollars (USD), ≥15,000 to <25,000 USD, ≥25,000 to <50,000 USD, and ≥50,000 USD; for the SWHS: annual household income < 10,000 CNY, ≥10,000 to <20,000 CNY, ≥20,000 to < 30,000 CNY, and ≥30,000 CNY; and for the SMHS: annual personal income < 6000 Chinese Yuan (CNY), ≥6000 to <12,000 CNY, ≥12,000 to <4000 CNY, and ≥24,000 CNY). 3 Heavy drinking was defined as alcohol consumption of > 2 drinks per day in men or alcohol consumption of >1 drink per day in women; moderate drinking was defined as alcohol consumption of >0 to ≤2 drinks per day in men or >0 to ≤1 drink per day in women.