Table 2.
All-cause and cause-specific mortality in relation to dietary cholesterol intake.
| Blacks, n = 47,789 | Whites, n = 20,360 | Chinese, n = 134,280 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) 1 | HR (95% CI) 1 | HR (95% CI) 1,2 | |
| All causes | |||
| 150 mg/day | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| 300 mg/day | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 0.94 (0.92–0.97) |
| 450 mg/day | 1.12 (1.05–1.19) | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | 0.96 (0.92–1.00) |
| 600 mg/day | 1.13 (1.05–1.21) | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 1.02 (0.95–1.09) |
| 750 mg/day | 1.12 (1.02–1.22) | 1.03 (0.89–1.20) | 1.09 (0.98–1.20) |
| P-linearity 3 | 0.04 | 0.82 | 0.12 |
| P-nonlinearity 4 | 0.002 | 0.15 | <0.001 |
| P-overall 5 | <0.001 | 0.34 | <0.001 |
| Cardiometabolic disease | |||
| 150 mg/day | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| 300 mg/day | 1.10 (1.03–1.16) | 0.97 (0.87–1.08) | 0.91 (0.87–0.95) |
| 450 mg/day | 1.17 (1.06–1.28) | 1.02 (0.87–1.19) | 0.90 (0.85–0.96) |
| 600 mg/day | 1.21 (1.08–1.36) | 1.12 (0.92–1.36) | 0.94 (0.85–1.05) |
| 750 mg/day | 1.23 (1.07–1.42) | 1.25 (0.97–1.62) | 0.99 (0.84–1.17) |
| P-linearity 3 | 0.007 | 0.13 | 0.003 |
| P-nonlinearity 4 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.001 |
| P-overall 5 | 0.005 | 0.05 | <0.001 |
| Coronary heart disease | |||
| 150 mg/day | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| 300 mg/day | 1.03 (0.92–1.14) | 1.10 (0.93–1.29) | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) |
| 450 mg/day | 1.05 (0.88–1.24) | 1.23 (0.96–1.56) | 0.98 (0.87–1.10) |
| 600 mg/day | 1.06 (0.85–1.30) | 1.39 (1.03–1.89) | 1.02 (0.85–1.24) |
| 750 mg/day | 1.06 (0.82–1.37) | 1.59 (1.07–2.36) | 1.07 (0.80–1.44) |
| P-linearity 3 | 0.69 | 0.02 | 0.75 |
| P-nonlinearity 4 | 0.73 | 0.74 | 0.26 |
| P-overall 5 | 0.87 | 0.08 | 0.51 |
| Stroke | |||
| 150 mg/day | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| 300 mg/day | 1.09 (0.94–1.28) | 0.91 (0.65–1.26) | 0.85 (0.80–0.91) |
| 450 mg/day | 1.17 (0.91–1.50) | 0.89 (0.54–1.45) | 0.81 (0.73–0.89) |
| 600 mg/day | 1.23 (0.90–1.67) | 0.91 (0.46–1.77) | 0.81 (0.68–0.97) |
| 750 mg/day | 1.27 (0.88–1.84) | 0.94 (0.37–2.36) | 0.82 (0.63–1.07) |
| P-linearity 3 | 0.23 | 0.78 | <0.001 |
| P-nonlinearity 4 | 0.42 | 0.84 | <0.001 |
| P-overall 5 | 0.59 | 0.61 | 0.01 |
| Diabetes | |||
| 150 mg/day | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| 300 mg/day | 1.21 (1.04–1.40) | 0.88 (0.65–1.19) | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) |
| 450 mg/day | 1.36 (1.07–1.73) | 0.81 (0.51–1.28) | 1.04 (0.87–1.23) |
| 600 mg/day | 1.44 (1.07–1.95) | 0.77 (0.42–1.41) | 1.10 (0.83–1.45) |
| 750 mg/day | 1.47 (1.01–2.14) | 0.74 (0.33–1.66) | 1.16 (0.76–1.78) |
| P-linearity 3 | 0.05 | 0.42 | 0.65 |
| P-nonlinearity 4 | 0.10 | 0.70 | 0.60 |
| P-overall 5 | 0.04 | 0.67 | 0.79 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio. 1 Adjusted for age, sex, education, annual income, marital status, total energy intake, smoking status, smoking pack-years, alcohol consumption, physical activity level, body mass index, healthy eating index, history of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, and stroke, and hormone replacement therapy (for women only). 2 Intake of refined carbohydrate was further adjusted for in the Chinese population. 3 P-linearity values were obtained from Cox proportional hazard regression models with the exposure modeled as a linear term. 4 P-nonlinearity values were obtained from Cox proportional hazard regression models with the exposure modeled as both cubic spline and linear terms. 5 P-overall values were obtained for Cox proportional hazard regression models with the exposure modeled as a cubic spline term.