Table 3.

Characteristics of the clinical studies concerning triglycerides and vascular cognitive impairment.

Study, Year	Participants	Outcome	Results	Conclusions
Raffaitin C. et al. [56], 2009	7087 community-dwelling subjects aged > or =65 years recruited from the French Three-City cohort	Associations between MetS and its individual components with risk of incident dementia	High TG level was the only component of MetS that was significantly associated with the incidence of all-cause (hazard ratio 1.45 [95% CI 1.05–2.00]; p = 0.02) and vascular (2.27 [1.16–4.42]; p = 0.02) dementia.	The observed relation between high TG and vascular dementia emphasizes the need for detection and treatment of vascular risk factors in older individuals in order to prevent the likelihood of clinical dementia.
Kalmijn S. et al. [26], 2000	3555 men included in The Honolulu–Asia Aging Study	The long-term association between clustered metabolic cardiovascular risk factors measured at middle age and the risk of dementia in old age, 1965–1991	A higher cardiovascular metabolic risk factor burden in middle age increased the risk of dementia 25 years later.	Some individual risk factors, such as body weight, body fat distribution, and TG, were more strongly related to the risk of dementia than were other factors, and in particular of VaD.
Solfrizzi V. et al. [57], 2010	2097 participants (65–84 years old) from the Italian Longitudinal Study on Ageing	The relationship of MetS and its individual components with incident dementia, 3.5-year follow-up	MetS subjects compared with those without MetS had an elevated risk of VaD (adjusted HR, 3.82; 95% CI 1.32 to 11.06) associated with abnormal Aβ PET in multivariable regression models.	MetS subjects had an elevated risk of VaD that increased after excluding patients with baseline undernutrition and selecting MetS subjects with high inflammation.
Park K. et al. [62], 2007	1030 healthy persons (mean age 52.7 years) with no history of stroke	The relationship between LA and MetS in healthy subjects	MetS was significantly associated with the presence of LA (adjusted OR, 3.33; 95% CI, 2.30, 4.84). As for MetS components, elevated blood pressure, impaired fasting glucose and hypertriglyceridemia were independently associated with all grades of LA.	Hypertriglyceridemia was associated with LA independently of elevated blood pressure.
Feinkohl I. et al. [67], 2019	202 participants (aged 65 to 87 years) of the BioCog study	The role of MetS in cognitive impairment	Among the 5 MetS components, participants with elevated TG were at 2-fold increased odds of impairment (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.08, 4.05, p = 0.028).	The finding was no longer statistically significant when cerebrovascular disease and coronary heart disease were additionally controlled for.

MetS, metabolic syndrome; TG, triglycerides; VaD, vascular dementia; LA, leukoaraiosis.