Figure 1.

Effects of GLE (green lettuce leaf extract) on behaviors changed by vibration stress in fruit flies. (A) Representative actograms for the locomotor activity. The bar above each actogram indicates night (in black) and day (in white) h. (B) Nighttime activity and (C) duration of nighttime sleep in the locomotor activity monitoring (LAM) system. Experimental groups include the no-vibration-stress control group (NVC), control group (CON, stress-induced vibration), and GLE (green lettuce leaf extract)-treated groups with or without stress (0.5 and 1.0%). Values are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) for each group, n = 150. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001 when compared with the NVC group. † p < 0.05, †† p < 0.01 and ††† p < 0.001 when compared with the stress CON group (ANOVA followed by post-hoc Tukey’s test).