Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients and the healthy subjects.
| Healthy Subjects n = 50 |
COVID-19 Negative Patients n = 45 |
COVID-19 Positive Patients n = 126 |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | ||||
| Sex, male | 38 (76.0) | 30 (66.7) | 68 (54.8) a | |
| Age, years | 75 (66–84) | 84 (75–89) b | 71 (58–83) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | 19 (38.0) | 16 (35.6) | 6 (4.8) b,d | |
| Alcohol intake, n (%) | 28 (56.0) | 7 (15.5) b | 6 (4.8) b,c | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 0 | 22 (48.9) | 30 (23.8) e | |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 0 | 18 (40) | 68 (54) | |
| Chronic liver disease, n (%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.8) | |
| Chronic lung disease, n (%) | 0 | 0 | 18 (14.3) | |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 0 | 19 (42.2) | 22 (17.5) d | |
| Chronic neurological disease n (%), | 0 | 0 | 29 (23) | |
| Cancer, n (%) | 0 | 17 (37.8) | 16 (12.7) e | |
| Charlson Index | No comorbidity, n (%) | NA | 10 (22.2) | 83 (65.9) e,* |
| Low comorbidity, n (%) | 18 (40.0) | 29 (23.0) | ||
| High comorbidity, n (%) | 17 (37.8) | 14 (11.1) | ||
| McCabe Index | RFD, n (%) | NA | 10 (22.2) | 7 (5.6) e, * |
| UFD, n (%) | 19 (42.2) | 31 (24.6) | ||
| NFD, n (%) | 16 (35.6) | 88 (69.8) | ||
| Medications | ||||
| ACEIs, n (%) | NA | 14 (31.1) | 24 (27.0) | |
| ARAs, n (%) | NA | 12 (26.7) | 21 (16.7) | |
| Oral antidiabetics, n (%) | NA | 19 (42.2) | 37 (29.4) | |
| Insulin, n (%) | NA | 9 (20.0) | 28 (22.2) | |
| Statins, n (%) | NA | 16 (35.6) | 44 (34.9) | |
ap < 0.01, b p < 0.001, with respect to healthy subjects; c p < 0.05, d p < 0.01, e p < 0.001 with respect to COVID-19 negative patients. *: Global P-value including the three categories of each index. Statistical analyses were performed by the Student’s t-test (quantitative) or the χ-square test (qualitative). Results are given as medians and 95% CI, or as numbers and percentages. ACEIs: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARAs, Angiotensin II receptor antagonists; NFD: Non-fatal disease; RFD: Rapidly fatal disease. UFD: Ultimately fatal disease.