Table 1.
Imaging techniques for visualizing vasculature and angiogenesis at cell scale and tissue scale.
| Modality | Scale | Measurement | Uses in Literature |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microscopy (confocal, multiphoton, optical projection tomography, histology imaging) | Cell to tissue | Vascular structure, individual cell types, vessel porosity, flow | [18,76,77,78,79,80] |
| Photoacoustic imaging | Cell to tissue | Vascular structure, blood oxygenation | [81,82] |
| Angiography (X-ray, CT, MRI) | Tissue | Vascular structure | [47,48,83,84] |
| Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI or CT | Tissue | Perfusion, permeability, blood volume fraction | [28,32,33,85,86] |
| PET | Tissue | Perfusion, permeability, blood volume fraction | [83,84] |
| microCT | Tissue | Vascular structure | [47,48,83,84] |