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. 2021 Jun 25;14:98. doi: 10.1186/s13045-021-01103-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Representative spatial architecture of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. a Primary tumors are divided into the tumor core, tumor stroma, and invasion margin based on tumor compartments. b Special immune structures, such as perivascular niches and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), are also involved in the construction of architectures. Moreover, computational technology identified cellular neighborhoods (CNs) as regions with a characteristic local stoichiometry of cellular components. CXCL4, C-X-C chemokine ligand type 4; CCL2, C–C chemokine ligand type 2; CX3CL1, C-X3-C motif ligand 1; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; IFN, interferon; IL-2, interleukin 2; ADCC, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell