Figure 1.

The effect of isookanin on cell proliferation in PGE₂-induced HMEC-1 cells. Cells were pretreated with the indicated concentrations of isookanin for 2 h before stimulation with PGE₂ (20 µM) or VEGF (100 ng/mL) for 48 h. (A) Cell viability was measured using the MTT assay. (B) The density of endothelial cells was observed under a microscope; scale bars are 80 μm. (C) Cytotoxicity was measured using the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assay. The results are mean ± standard deviation (SD) (n = 3). ^## p < 0.01, ^### p < 0.001 vs. control. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001 vs. PGE₂-treated control.