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. 2021 Jun 17;26(12):3696. doi: 10.3390/molecules26123696

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Biosynthesis of WA. Abbreviations: ACT: acetyltransferase; HMGS: hydroxymethyl glutaryl CoA synthase; HMG-CoA: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-co enzyme; HMGR: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase; MVAK: mevalonate kinase; IPP: 3-isopentenyl pyrophosphate; GPPS: geranyl pyrophosphate synthase; FPPS: farnesyl diphosphate synthase; SQS: squalene synthase; SQE: squalene epoxidase; CAS: cycloartenol synthase; SMT: sterol methyl transferase; ODM: obtusifoliol-14-demethylase; DOXP: deoxy xylulose pathway; MEP: methyl erythreitol pathway; DXS: 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase; DXR: 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductase; WA: withaferin A.