Table 2.

Clinical results of motility enhancers for sperm recovery by TESE.

Compound	Control	Results	Refs.
Pentoxifylline	Hypoosmotic test	Increased fertilization rate (62% vs. 41% p < 0.05) Increased pregnancy rate (32% vs. 16% p < 0.05)	[53]
Pentoxifylline	Untreated immotile sperm	Initiated motility in 95.7% of the samples. Increased fertilization rate (66% vs. 50.9%; p < 0.005) Increased mean number of embryos per cycle (4.7 vs. 2.7 p < 0.01).	[55]
Pentoxifylline	In-group	Induced additional motility in 33.3% and 69.3% of cases where fresh and frozen samples were used, respectively.	[57]
Pentoxifylline	Untreated immotile sperm	Initiated motility in 70.8% of the samples.	[42]
Theophylline	Untreated motile or immotile sperm	Improved motility in 98.5% of the cases. Increased fertilization (79.9% vs. 63.3% p < 0.001) and pregnancy (53.9% vs. 23.8% p < 0.05) rates.	[45]