Table 1.
Summary of the studies included in the review.
| Biomarker | Number of CLP Patients | Material | CLP Patients vs. Controls | Pathophysiological Significance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NO, MDA, SOD, CAT | 40 patients | Serum | MDA, NO, SOD—higher levels CAT—lower levels |
Increased lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant defense may be involved in the pathogenesis of CLP | Sezer et al. [41] 2007 |
| NO, MDA, SOD, CAT | 45 patients | Serum, erythrocytes | NO, SOD, MDA—higher levels CAT—lower levels |
The alteration of the balance between prooxidants and antioxidants plays an important role in patients with CLP. No differences were observed depending on the clinical type of LP. | Aly et al. [42] 2010 |
| Sluc, Slum, Sind-1, h, H, Sind-2 | 16 patients | Skin | Sluc, Slum, Sind-1, h, H, Sind-2—higher levels | Free radicals participate in the development of hyperregeneratory processes in CLP, a decrease in the intensity of local oxidative stress being associated with the normalization of the proliferation process. | Sapuntsova et al. [43] 2011 |
| GPX, vitamin C, selenium, bilirubin, uric acid | 30 patients | Serum | GPX, uric acid, bilirubin, selenium—similar levels Vitamin C—lower levels |
Vitamin C may be useful in the treatment of CLP patients. | Barikbin et al. [44] 2011 |
| NO, MDA, SOD, CAT | 30 patients | Serum, skin | NO, MDA, SOD—higher levels (serum, skin) CAT—lower levels (serum, skin) |
The imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants may be involved in the pathogenesis of CLP. | Karim et al. [45] 2012 |
| SOD, MDA, GPX, GSH, NO | 60 patients | Serum | MDA, SOD, NO—higher levels GPX, GSH—lower levels |
Oxidative stress may be involved in the pathogenesis of CLP. | Hassan et al. [46] 2013 |
| Uric acid | 61 patients | Serum | Uric acid—lower levels | Uric acid may be a biomarker in patients with CLP, useful for monitoring the effectiveness of therapy and the evolution of the disease. | Chakraborti et al. [47] 2014 |
| Ascorbic acid | 77 patients (49 CLP patients, 28 OLP patients) |
Urine | Ascorbic acid—lower levels | There is a negative relationship between the ascorbic acid levels and disease duration in patients with LP. |
Nicolae et al. [48] 2017 |
| TLR-4, RAGE, and HMGB1 | 24 patients | Skin | mRNA expression of HMGB1 and TLR-4—similar mRNA expression of RAGE—lower HMGB1 and TLR-4—higher levels in the dermis and lower levels in the epidermis. RAGE—higher levels in the dermis |
HMGB1 and TLR-4 may contribute to the inflammatory process observed in CLP. The negative regulation of RAGE in CLP may be involved in its pathogenesis. | de Carvalho et al. [49] 2018 |
| Bilirubin, uric acid, albumin, iron, transferrin, ferritin, copper, ceruloplasmin, TAC | 77 patients | Serum | TAC—lower levels bilirubin, uric acid, albumin, iron, transferrin, ferritin, copper, ceruloplasmin—similar levels |
Evaluation of serum antioxidants levels may be useful in the management and follow-up of CLP patients. |
Georgescu et al. [50] 2018 |
| MDA, triglycerides | 50 patients | Serum | MDA, triglycerides—higher levels | A link between chronic inflammation and oxidative stress may be present in LP patients. | Manasa et al. [51] 2019 |
| NT, TT, DS | 81 patients | Serum | NT, TT—higher levels DS—similar levels |
Increased levels of serum thiols as a response to oxidative stress may contribute to cell proliferation and progression of LP lesions. | Kalkan et al. [52] 2019 |
|
4-HNE TBARS, MDA, TAS, NT, TT, DS |
31 patients | Serum | 4-HNE, MDA, TBARS—higher levels TAS, NT, TT—lower levels DS—higher levels |
4-HNE, TBARS, and MDA might be involved in the development of LP lesions by exceeding the tissue antioxidant defense. | Mitran et al. [53] 2019 |
MDA-malondialdehyde, 4-HNE-4-hydroxynonenal, TBARS-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, 8-OHdG-8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, RAGE-receptor for advanced glycation end-products, NT-native thiol, TT-total thiol, DS-disulphide, NO-nitric oxide, GSH-glutathione, TLR-toll-like receptor, HMGB-1-high mobility group box 1 protein, Sluc-superoxide anion radicals, Slum-hydroxyl radicals, Sind-1-peroxide radicals, h-the concentration of lipid peroxides, H-peroxidation resistance of the substrate, Sind-2-activity of antioxidant antiradical defense, SOD-superoxide dismutase, CAT-catalase, GPX-glutathione peroxidase, TAS-total antioxidant status.