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. 2021 Jun 18;10(12):2692. doi: 10.3390/jcm10122692

Table 1.

Summary of the studies included in the review.

Biomarker Number of CLP Patients Material CLP Patients vs. Controls Pathophysiological Significance Reference
NO, MDA, SOD, CAT 40 patients Serum MDA, NO, SOD—higher levels
CAT—lower levels
Increased lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant defense may be involved in the pathogenesis of CLP Sezer et al. [41]
2007
NO, MDA, SOD, CAT 45 patients Serum, erythrocytes NO, SOD, MDA—higher levels
CAT—lower levels
The alteration of the balance between prooxidants and antioxidants plays an important role in patients with CLP. No differences were observed depending on the clinical type of LP. Aly et al. [42]
2010
Sluc, Slum, Sind-1, h, H, Sind-2 16 patients Skin Sluc, Slum, Sind-1, h, H, Sind-2—higher levels Free radicals participate in the development of hyperregeneratory processes in CLP, a decrease in the intensity of local oxidative stress being associated with the normalization of the proliferation process. Sapuntsova et al. [43]
2011
GPX, vitamin C, selenium, bilirubin, uric acid 30 patients Serum GPX, uric acid, bilirubin, selenium—similar levels
Vitamin C—lower levels
Vitamin C may be useful in the treatment of CLP patients. Barikbin et al. [44]
2011
NO, MDA, SOD, CAT 30 patients Serum, skin NO, MDA, SOD—higher levels (serum, skin)
CAT—lower levels (serum, skin)
The imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants may be involved in the pathogenesis of CLP. Karim et al. [45]
2012
SOD, MDA, GPX, GSH, NO 60 patients Serum MDA, SOD, NO—higher levels
GPX, GSH—lower levels
Oxidative stress may be involved in the pathogenesis of CLP. Hassan et al. [46]
2013
Uric acid 61 patients Serum Uric acid—lower levels Uric acid may be a biomarker in patients with CLP, useful for monitoring the effectiveness of therapy and the evolution of the disease. Chakraborti et al. [47]
2014
Ascorbic acid 77 patients
(49 CLP patients, 28 OLP patients)
Urine Ascorbic acid—lower levels There is a negative relationship between the ascorbic acid levels and
disease duration in patients with LP.
Nicolae et al. [48]
2017
TLR-4, RAGE, and HMGB1 24 patients Skin mRNA
expression of HMGB1 and TLR-4—similar
mRNA
expression of RAGE—lower
HMGB1 and
TLR-4—higher levels in the dermis and lower levels
in the epidermis.
RAGE—higher levels in the dermis
HMGB1 and TLR-4 may contribute to the inflammatory process observed in CLP. The negative regulation of RAGE in CLP may be involved in its pathogenesis. de Carvalho et al. [49]
2018
Bilirubin, uric acid, albumin, iron, transferrin, ferritin, copper, ceruloplasmin, TAC 77 patients Serum TAC—lower levels
bilirubin, uric acid, albumin, iron, transferrin, ferritin, copper, ceruloplasmin—similar levels
Evaluation of serum
antioxidants levels may be useful in the management and follow-up of CLP patients.
Georgescu et al. [50]
2018
MDA, triglycerides 50 patients Serum MDA, triglycerides—higher levels A link between chronic inflammation and oxidative stress may be present in LP patients. Manasa et al. [51]
2019
NT, TT, DS 81 patients Serum NT, TT—higher levels
DS—similar levels
Increased levels of serum thiols as a response to oxidative stress may contribute to cell proliferation and progression of LP lesions. Kalkan et al. [52]
2019
4-HNE TBARS, MDA, TAS,
NT, TT,
DS
31 patients Serum 4-HNE, MDA, TBARS—higher levels
TAS, NT, TT—lower levels
DS—higher levels
4-HNE, TBARS, and MDA might be involved in the development of LP lesions by exceeding the tissue antioxidant defense. Mitran et al. [53]
2019

MDA-malondialdehyde, 4-HNE-4-hydroxynonenal, TBARS-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, 8-OHdG-8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, RAGE-receptor for advanced glycation end-products, NT-native thiol, TT-total thiol, DS-disulphide, NO-nitric oxide, GSH-glutathione, TLR-toll-like receptor, HMGB-1-high mobility group box 1 protein, Sluc-superoxide anion radicals, Slum-hydroxyl radicals, Sind-1-peroxide radicals, h-the concentration of lipid peroxides, H-peroxidation resistance of the substrate, Sind-2-activity of antioxidant antiradical defense, SOD-superoxide dismutase, CAT-catalase, GPX-glutathione peroxidase, TAS-total antioxidant status.