Table 3.

Anesthetics and adjuvants in delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after SAH in experimental studies.

References	Anesthetic Agent/Adjuvants	Species	Model	Pathway	Effects
[27]	Isoflurane	Mice	Endovascular perforation	HIF-1 α ↑	Reduces large artery vasospasm, microvessel thrombosis, autoregulatory dysfunction and improves the neurological outcome.
[28,29,30]	Isoflurane	Mice	Endovascular perforation	HIF-1 α ↑	Reduced DCI as measured by the occurrence of new cerebral infarctions in the MRI and improved neurobehavioral outcome.
[31]	Isoflurane	Mice	Endovascular perforation	eNOS ↑	Attenuated large artery vasospasm and improved neurological outcome
[32]	Isoflurane	Mice	Endovascular perforation	-	Attenuated large artery vasospasm and improved neurological outcome
[33]	Isoflurane	Mice	Endovascular perforation	SIRT1 not involved in protection	Attenuated large artery vasospasm, microvessel thrombosis and improved neurological outcome
[46]	Clonidine	Rabbit	Cisterna Magna injection	SNS ↓	Reduced chronic vasospasm.
[47]	Dexmedetomidine	Rat	Cisterna Magna injection	MDA ↓, SNS ↓	Reduced vasospasm and oxidative stress.
[48]	Dexmedetomidine	Rat	Cisterna Magna injection	IL-6 ↓	Reduced vasospasm and improved neurological function.

↑ = Activation/Increase/elevation, ↓ = Inhibition/blockade/decrease, DCI = delayed cerebral ischemia, SAH = subarachnoid hemorrhage, ET-1 = endothelin-1, HIF-1 = hypoxia inducible factor-1, eNOS = endothelial nitric oxide synthase, SIRT1 = silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog, SNS = sympathetic nervous system, MDA = malonialdehyde, IL-6 = interleukin.