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Enzymatic deamination of RNA nucleosides. (A) APOBEC cytidine deaminase. Deamination of cytidine in ssRNA generates uridine resulting in C→U mutation in the RNA virus genome. (B) ADAR adenosine deaminase. Deamination of adenosine in dsRNA or in folded and paired ssRNA (forming dsRNA) generates inosine, which after rounds of copying with RdRp is fixed as A→G mutation.
