AMPK	adenosine monophosphate-dependent kinase
ATP	adenosine triphosphate
ALS	amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
ARE	antioxidant response element
AQP4)	aquaporin 4
BHB	β-hydroxybutyrate
CO2	carbon dioxide
DAMPs	damage-associated molecular patterns
DMF	dimethyl fumarate
ER	endoplasmic reticulum
ECM	extracellular matrix
ERK1/2	extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1/2
G6P	glucose 6-phosphate
G6PDH	glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
HBP	hexosamine biosynthetic pathway
iPSC	induced pluripotent stem cell
iNOS	inducible nitric oxide synthase
JAK/STAT	Janus kinases/signal transducers and activators of transcription
Keap1	Kelch-like enoyl-CoA hydratase-associated protein 1
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
MMP	matrix metalloproteinase
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
MCTs	monocarboxylate transporters
Myd88-NFκB	myeloid differentiation protein 88-nuclear factor-κB
NOX	NADPH oxidase
NADPH	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Nrf2	nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45 subunit-related factor 2
GSSG	oxidized form of glutathione
PPP	pentose-phosphate pathway
PPARγ	peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor γ
PKA	protein kinase-A
PERK	protein kinase RNA(PKR)-like ER kinase
PDHC	pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
RNSs	reactive nitrogen species
ROSs	reactive oxygen species
GSH	reduced form of glutathione
TLR4	toll-like receptor 4
TCA	tricarboxylic acid