Table 2.
Risk of bias assessment with ROBINS-I tool.
| Study | Confounding | Selection | Measurement of Intervention | Missing Data | Measurement of Outcomes | Reported Result | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahn et al., 2016 [15] | Serious | Serious | N/A | ? | Moderate | Moderate | Serious |
| Arlen et al., 2014 [16] | Serious | Serious | N/A | ? | Serious | Serious | Serious |
| Bernstein et al., 2010 [17] | Serious | Serious | N/A | ? | Moderate | Moderate | Serious |
| Jaspers-Fayer et al., 2017 [18] | Moderate | Serious | N/A | ? | Moderate | Moderate | Serious |
| Murphy & Pichichero, 2002 [19] | Serious | Serious | N/A | Moderate | Serious | Moderate | Serious |
Abbreviations: ?, insufficient information to determine risk of bias; N/A, not applicable.