Figure 3.

Hysteresis and self-recovery properties of CMCS-Ca²⁺/PAAm/PNMA hydrogels. (a) Representative stretching-relaxation tensile measurement with a series of strains (100%, 200%, 300%, 400% and 500%) and (b) the corresponding hysteresis energy and dissipated energy. (c) Cyclic tensile measurement with different rest intervals (0% to 400% strain with origin, 0 min, 5 min, 10 min and 25 min rest intervals); (d) the corresponding recovery ratio; (e) 10 stretching–relaxation cycles and (f) the corresponding dissipated energy.