In vitro cytotoxicity of different preparations. Cell viability of L929 cells (A), Hep G2 cells (B), and MCF7 cells (C) after incubation with blank TAT-NPs and PGlu-PEG/TAT-NPs (pretreated with PBS of pH 7.4 or pH 6.5) for 24 h; cell viability of L929 cells (D), Hep G2 cells (E), and MCF7 cells (F) after incubation with DSF solution, DSF-loaded TAT-NPs, and DSF-loaded PGlu-PEG/TAT-NPs (pretreated with PBS of pH 7.4 or pH 6.5) for 24 h (n = 3). ** p < 0.01. Solution: DSF dissolved in saline with a low content of Cremophor EL/ethanol. TAT-NPs: cationic nanoparticles with TAT modification; PGlu-PEG/TAT-NPs: shell/core composite nanoparticles with TAT and PGlu-PEG/TAT-NPs modification.