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. 2021 Jun 17;22(12):6515. doi: 10.3390/ijms22126515

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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PAG increases expression level of ZO-1 via activating MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. (A) Caco-2 monolayers were treated with PAG to investigate different tight junction-related signaling pathways; (B) NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7082 was employed to investigate the association between NF-κB/P65 and ZO-1 expression levels in Caco-2 cells under 48-h PAG treatment; (C) Caco-2 treated with PAG showed increased phosphorylated MAPK/ERK, in a pattern similar to phosphorylation of 4E-BP1; (D) Caco-2 monolayers were pre-treated with or without MAPK inhibitor U0126 10 μM along with exposure to PAG for 48-h, to determine the relation between MAPK/ERK, 4E-BP1, and ZO-1 expression levels. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (Student t-test was applied for statistical analysis; *, # p < 0.05; ## p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001).