Table 1.
Pain and disability scores at baseline and after the interventions.
| Study | Pain intensity: NRSa (score range 0-10), mean (SD) | Disability: RMDQb (score range 0-24), mean (SD) | ||||||||
|
|
mHealthc group | Control group | mHealth group | Control group | ||||||
|
|
Baseline | After intervention | Baseline | After intervention | Baseline | After intervention | Baseline | After intervention | ||
| Amorim et al [26] | 5.3 (1.9) | 3.8 (2.4) | 5.1 (1.4) | 4.0 (3.4) | 8.9 (5.4) | 5.7 (5.3) | 9.0 (6.1) | 6.0 (5.7) | ||
| Bernardelli et al [27] | NAd | NA | NA | NA | 6.3 (4.4) | 3.8 (3.9) | 6.4 (4.9) | 4.3 (4.2) | ||
| Chhabra et al [28] | 7.3 (1.9 | 3.3 (1.7) | 6.6 (2.1) | 3.2 (2.7) | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Damush et al [23] | NA | NA | NA | NA | 14.7 (6.7) | 9.1 (6.8) | 13.9 (6.8) | 11.3 (8.1) | ||
| Geraghty et al [29] | Ⅰ: 4.0 (2.6); Ⅱ:4.5 (2.6) | Ⅰ: 3.6 (2.5); Ⅱ: 3.1 (2.3) | 3.6 (3.1) | 4.0 (2.5) | Ⅰ: 6.6 (4.6); Ⅱ: 7.7 (4.7) | Ⅰ: 5.8 (4.5); Ⅱ: 5.1 (5.1) | 6.8 (4.9) | 6.3 (5.1) | ||
| Kent et al [21] | NA | NA | NA | NA | 11.8 (8.8) | 7.2 (2.6) | 11.3 (7.0) | 11.0 (1.3) | ||
| Monteiro-Junior et al [30] | 6.5 (1.1) | 1.7 (1.9) | 6.6 (1.2) | 1.4 (2.9) | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Petrozzi et al [22] | 5.1 (1.8) | 3.0 (2.1) | 4.9 (2.0) | 4.0 (2.1) | 9.9 (4.2) | 4.2 (3.7) | 9.9 (4.7) | 5.3 (5.1) | ||
| Yang et al [31] | NA | NA | NA | NA | 6.00 (3.74) | 4.40 (3.05) | 12.00 (3.61) | 11.70 (5.69) | ||
aNRS: numeric rating scale.
bRMDQ: Rolland-Morris Disability Questionnaire.
c mHealth: mobile health.
dNA: not applicable (not assessed).