Table 2.
FOXM1 target genes and their functions.
| FOXM1 Target (Gene) | Known Oncogenic Mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|
| Cellular Proliferation | ||
| Cyclin B1 (CCNB1) | Cyclin protein that promotes mitosis | [127,222] |
| S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) | F-box protein that mediates cell cycle entry and G1/S transitions | [127] |
| Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) | Protein kinase that mediates mitosis and cytokinesis | [127] |
| Cell division cycle 25B (CDC25B) | Tyrosine protein phosphatase that mediates cell cycle progression and mitosis | [222] |
| Centrosomal protein 55 (CEP55) | Mitotic phosphoprotein that mediates cytokinesis | [222] |
| Centrometere protein F (CENPF) | Microtubule-binding protein and mediates cell division | [222] |
| DNA topoisomerase II Alpha (TOP2A) | DNA topoisomerase that mediates DNA transcription and replication and chromosome condensation and segregation | [222] |
| Cyclin F (CCNF) | F-box protein that mediates the stability of proteins that regulate cell cycle and genome stability | [223] |
| Protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 (PRC1) | Microtubule-associated protein essential for cytokinesis (related to mitosis-related genes in ovarian cancer) | [223] |
| Homeobox DLX-1 (DLX1) | Transcription factor that modulates the TGF-β1/SMAD4 signaling pathway in ovarian cancer | [224] |
| Proliferation cell nuclear antigen clamp-associated factor (PCLAF) | PCNA-binding protein that regulates DNA repair, cell cycle progression, and proliferation (and activates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways in ovarian cancer) | [225] |
| Kinesin-like protein KIF20A (KIF20A) | Kinesin protein that participates in cytokinesis and intracellular transportation | [223] |
| Cellular Migration and Invasion | ||
| Cyclin F (CCNF) | F-box protein that mediates the stability of proteins that regulate cell cycle and genome stability | [223] |
| Protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 (PRC1) | Microtubule-associated protein essential for cytokinesis (related to mitosis-related genes in ovarian cancer) | [223] |
| Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) | Metalloproteinase that mediates extracellular matrix degradation | [222] |
| Homeobox DLX-1 (DLX1) | Transcription factor that modulates the TGF-β1/SMAD4 signaling pathway in ovarian cancer | [224] |
| Proliferation cell nuclear antigen clamp-associated factor (PCLAF) | PCNA-binding protein that regulates DNA repair, cell cycle progression, and proliferation (and activates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways in ovarian cancer) | [225] |
| Kinesin-like protein KIF20A (KIF20A) | Kinesin protein that participates in cytokinesis and intracellular transportation | [223] |
| Cytokeratin-5 (KRT5) | Filament protein that is found in FTE stem cells and serous ovarian cancer (may promote stemness) | [226,227] |
| Cytokeratin-7 (KRT7) | Filament protein that promotes cell–matrix adhesion and extracellular matrix degradation in ovarian cancer | [226,228] |
| β-catenin (CTNNB1) | Transcriptional co-regulator protein and adaptor protein for cell adhesion that contributes to ovarian cancer metastasis, stemness, chemoresistance, angiogenesis, and immune evasion | [229,230] |
| Integrin β1 (ITGB1) | Integrin protein that facilitates the adhesion of ovarian cancer spheroids | [231] |
| Integrin αV (ITGAV) | Integrin protein that facilitates the adhesion of ovarian cancer spheroids | [231] |
| Integrin α5 (ITGA5) | Integrin protein that facilitates the adhesion of ovarian cancer spheroids | [231] |
| Lamin B1 (LMNB1) | Nuclear lamina protein that facilitates the adhesion of ovarian cancer spheroids | [231] |
| Fibronectin 1 (FN1) | Extracellular matrix glycoprotein that facilitates the adhesion of ovarian cancer spheroids | [231] |
| Chemotherapy Resistance and DNA Repair | ||
| Exonuclease 1 (EXO1) | Homologous DNA damage repair protein | [232] |
| Proliferation cell nuclear antigen clamp-associated factor (PCLAF) | PCNA-binding protein that regulates DNA repair, cell cycle progression, and proliferation (and activates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways in ovarian cancer) | [225] |
| Protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 (PRC1) | Microtubule-associated protein essential for cytokinesis (related to mitosis-related genes in ovarian cancer) | [223] |
| Cyclin B1 (CCNB1) | Cyclin protein that promotes mitosis | [233] |
| BRCA1 (BRCA1) | Homologous DNA damage repair protein | [233,234] |
| BRCA2 (BRCA2) | Homologous DNA damage repair protein | [234] |
| RAD51 (RAD51) | Homologous DNA damage repair protein | [233,234] |
| Fanconi anemia group F protein (FANCF) | Homologous DNA damage repair protein | [233] |
| RAD51 paralog D (RAD51D) | Homologous DNA damage repair protein | [233] |
| Fanconi anemia group D2 protein (FANCD2) | Homologous DNA damage repair protein | [233] |
| Altered Cellular Metabolism | ||
| Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) | Glucose transport protein that promotes aerobic glycolysis in ovarian cancer | [235] |
| Hexokinase 2 (HK2) | Glycolytic enzyme that promotes aerobic glycolysis in ovarian cancer | [235] |