Table 3.
Antimicrobials used among suspected COVID-19 patients and SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative patients 24 h before and on hospital admission at 12 selected hospitals in Bangladesh, March–August 2020.
| Antimicrobials * | Suspected COVID-19 Patients (n = 1188) n (%) |
Within 24 h before Admission | On Admission | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SARS-CoV-2 Positive (n = 257) n (%) |
SARS-CoV-2 Negative (n = 931) n (%) |
p-Value | SARS-CoV-2 Positive (n = 257) n (%) |
SARS-CoV-2 Negative (n = 931) n (%) |
p-Value | ||
| Antibiotic | |||||||
| Antibiotics used in total | 1090 (91.7%) | 562 (47.3%) | 1057 (89.0%) | ||||
| Cephalosporin | 761 (64.1) | 25 (9.7) | 161 (17.3) | 0.003 | 127 (49.4) | 600 (64.4) | <0.001 |
| First-generation | 4 (0.3) | 1 (0.4) | 3 (0.3) | 0.870 | 0 | 0 | |
| Second-generation | 69 (5.8) | 5 (2) | 13 (1.4) | 0.523 | 7 (2.7) | 47 (5.1) | 0.113 |
| Third-generation | 708 (59.6) | 19 (7.4) | 145 (15.6) | 0.001 | 120 (46.7) | 554 (59.5) | <0.001 |
| Fourth-generation | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.1) | 0.599 |
| Macrolide | 481 (40.5) | 104 (40.5) | 223 (24.0) | <0.001 | 85 (33.1) | 180 (19.3) | <0.001 |
| Penicillin | 200 (16.8) | 6 (2.3) | 27 (2.9) | 0.625 | 38 (14.8) | 140 (15.0) | 0.920 |
| Aminoglycoside | 114 (9.6) | 1 (0.4) | 6 (0.6) | 0.636 | 7 (2.7) | 102 (11.0) | <0.001 |
| Quinolones | 63 (5.3) | 3 (1.2) | 8 (0.9) | 0.648 | 11 (4.3) | 41 (4.4) | 0.932 |
| Tetracycline | 76 (6.4) | 10 (3.9) | 14 (1.5) | 0.016 | 17 (6.6) | 39 (4.2) | 0.104 |
| Carbapenems | 45 (3.8) | 0 | 3 (0.3) | 0.362 | 11 (4.3) | 33 (3.5) | 0.580 |
| Oxazolidinone | 12 (1.0) | 0 | 0 | 3 (1.2) | 9 (1.0) | 0.776 | |
| Glycopeptides | 10 (0.8) | 0 | 0 | 2 (0.8) | 8 (0.9) | 0.900 | |
| Nitroimidazoles | 13 (1.1) | 0 | 1 (0.1) | 0.599 | 3 (1.2) | 9 (1.0) | 0.776 |
| WHO AWaRe classification antibiotics | |||||||
| Access | 370 (31.1) | 68 (5.7) | 329 (27.7) | ||||
| Watch | 1016 (85.5) | 514 (43.3) | 949 (79.9) | ||||
| Reserve | 12 (1.0) | 0 | 12 (1.0) | ||||
| Antiviral drug | |||||||
| Antiviral used in total | 16 (1.4) | 0 | 16 (1.4) | ||||
| Acyclovir | 3 (0.3) | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 3 (0.3) | 0.362 |
| Adefovir | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 1 (0.1) | 0.599 |
| Zidovudine | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 1 (0.1) | 0.599 |
| Valacyclovir | 3 (0.3) | 0 | 0 | - | 1 (0.4) | 2 (0.2) | 0.622 |
| Favipiravir | 8 (0.7) | 0 | 0 | - | 1 (0.4) | 7 (0.7) | 0.529 |
| Antiparasitic drug | |||||||
| Antiparasitic drug used in total | 33 (2.8) | 3 (0.3) | 30 (2.5) | ||||
| Ivermectin | 33 (2.8) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (0.2) | 0.622 | 9 (3.5) | 21 (2.7) | 0.260 |
* Multiple response.