Table 2.

Transgenerational/cross-stress resistance development in crop plants through stress memory/epigenetic modifications.

Crop Species	Stress Resistance	Primary Exposure/Treatment	Transgenerational Physical Response	References
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)	Drought, extreme light adoption	β–aminobutyric acid (BABA), dehydration stress, salt and heat stress, short wavelength radiations	Descendants exhibit biotic and abiotic stress resistance, phenotypic changes for increased flexibility	[5,9,78,96,97,98]
Wheat (Triticum aestivum)	Drought/salt/heat	Terminal drought/water, osmotic and heat priming of first-generation plants	Drought memory improved resistance against salt stress and drought, and thermotolerance	[67,99,100]
Canola (Brassica napus)	Cold/heat/drought	Cold acclimation	Heat/drought resistance, increased growth and yield	[101,102]
Rice (Oryza sativa)	Abiotic	Heavy metals, sublethal heat exposure, drought	Enhanced tolerance through heritable changes in gene expression and DNA methylation	[4,92,103]
Maize (Zea mays)	Drought/salt	Osmotic stress	Through epigenetic mechanisms, better response to abiotic stresses	[104]
Tomato (Lycopersicon sculentum)	Cold	Hydrogen peroxide pretreatment of roots, arginase induction by heat treatment of fruit	Enhanced oxidative stress response, amelioration of chilling injury, and activation of antioxidant enzymes	[105,106]
Turnip/Field mustard (Brassica rapa/campestris)	Heat/cold shock/biotic	Heat/salinity/drought/biotic	Stress-induced transgenerational inheritance and cross-protection	[107,108]
Pea (Pisum sativum)	Heavy metals	Acclimated to low temperature	Cold-induced photo-inhibition	[109]
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)	Drought	Drought stress/osmopriming	Enhanced growth under drought	[60]