Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the studied patients.
| Parameter | Females (n = 54) |
Males (n = 60) |
p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 63.8 ± 6.3 | 60.7 ± 6.7 | p = 0.0660 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.4 ± 4.3 | 30.9 ± 2.7 | p = 0.3827 |
| WC (cm) | 97.9 ± 12.8 | 104.8 ± 10.8 | p = 0.0017 |
| Leptin, ng/mL | 30.7 ± 20.6 | 6.2 ± 6.0 | p < 0.0001 |
| CRP, μg/mL | 0.25 ± 0.24 | 0.24 ± 0.19 | p = 0.7764 |
| INR | 1.83 ± 0.77 | 1.53 ± 0.66 | p = 0.0253 |
| Fibrinogen, mg/dL | 399 ± 86 | 367 ± 74 | p = 0.0308 |
| PLT, 103/mL | 235 ± 67 | 197 ± 48 | p = 0.0008 |
| Haemoglobin, g/dL | 14.1 ± 1.1 | 15.5 ± 1.4 | p < 0.0001 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 100.8 ± 9.9 | 102.3 ± 11.1 | p = 0.3615 |
| Cholesterol, mg/dL | 197.0 ± 37.3 | 173.9 ± 38.4 | p = 0.0005 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 124.7 ± 35.6 | 111.2 ± 33.9 | p = 0.0406 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 65.5 ± 14.15 | 54.0 ± 9.8 | p < 0.0001 |
| GFR, mL/min | 67.9 ± 14.7 | 80.5 ± 14.9 | p < 0.0001 |
| TSH μU/mL | 2.6 ± 2.4 | 1.6 ± 1.6 | p = 0.0081 |
| hs-TnT, ng/L | 9.1 ± 10.0 | 9.3 ± 5.0 | p = 0.0422 |
| vWF, ng/mL | 1.81 ± 0.66 | 2.24 ± 1.01 | p = 0.0083 |
| ST2, ng/mL | 1.5 ± 1.4 | 1.8 ± 1.9 | p = 0.0314 |
| Paroxysmal AF, no, (%) | 39 (72) | 33 (55) | p = 0.0854 |
| Persistent AF, no, (%) | 10 (19) | 22 (37) | p = 0.0313 |
| Long-standing persistent AF, no, (%) | 5 (9) | 5 (8) | p = 0.8615 |
| EHRA 1, n (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (3) | p = 0.1759 |
| EHRA 2a, n (%) | 8 (15) | 18 (30) | p = 0.0537 |
| EHRA 2b, n (%) | 24 (44) | 19 (32) | p = 0.1599 |
| EHRA 3, n (%) | 20 (37) | 20 (33) | p = 0.6791 |
| EHRA 4, n (%) | 2 (4) | 1 (2) | p = 0.4975 |
| Left atrial volume | 93.9 ± 25.2 | 96.4 ± 34.4 | p = 0.6258 |
| LAVI, mL/m2 | 47.8 ± 11.8 | 44.1 ± 14.5 | p = 0.1464 |
| LVEF, % | 58.1 ± 3.1 | 56.7 ± 6.9 | p = 0.7078 |
| SBP | 129 ± 14 | 126 ± 11 | p = 0.1997 |
| DBP | 77 ± 10 | 81 ± 11 | p = 0.0619 |
| Mean CHA2DS2-VASC score | 2.4 ± 1 | 1.5 ± 0.89 | p < 0.0001 |
| Mean HAS-BLED score | 1.3 ± 0.80 | 1.1 ± 0.68 | p = 0.0957 |
| Comorbidities and Medications | |||
| Hypertension, no, (%) | 39 (72) | 42 (70) | p = 0.7939 |
| Coronary artery disease, no, (%) | 3 (6) | 11 (18) | p = 0.0379 |
| Dyslipidemia, no, (%) | 25 (46) | 15 (25) | p = 0.0174 |
| Heart Failure, no, (%) | 1 (2) | 4 (7) | p = 0.1431 |
| Thyroid disease, no, (%) | 19 (35) | 11 (18) | p = 0.0966 |
| Beta-blocker, no, (%) | 47 (87) | 47 (78) | p = 0.2225 |
| CCB, no, (%) | 11 (20) | 13 (22) | p = 0.8654 |
| NOAC, no, (%) | 33 (61) | 47 (78) | p = 0.0448 |
| VKA, no, (%) | 21 (39) | 13 (22) | p = 0.0264 |
| Statins, no, (%) | 23 (43) | 25 (42) | p = 0.9204 |
| Diuretics, no, (%) | 16 (30) | 19 (32) | p = 0.8139 |
| ACE inhibitor, no, (%) | 18 (33) | 18 (30) | p = 0.7022 |
| ARB, no, (%) | 15 (28) | 19 (32) | p = 0.6504 |
| Anti-arrhythmic drugs, no, (%) | 30 (56) | 28 (47) | p = 0.3432 |
Continuous data are presented as means ± SD. Categorical data are presented as counts with their percentage values in brackets. BMI, body mass index; W, waist circumference; CRP, C-reactive protein; INR, international normalized ratio; PLT, platelets; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; hs-TnT, high-sensitive cardiac troponin T; vWF, von Willebrandt factor; AF, atrial fibrillation; EHRA, European Heart Rhythm Association; LAVI, left atrial volume index; LVEF, Left ventricle ejection fraction; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; CHA2DS2-VASc, Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age ≥ 75, Diabetes, Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65–74, Sex (female); HAS-BLED, Hypertension, Abnormal renal/liver function, Stroke, Bleeding history or predisposition, Labile INR, Elderly (>65 years), Drugs/alcohol concomitantly; CCB, calcium channel blockers; NOAC, non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants; VKA, vitamin K anagonist; ACE-I, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker.