Table 3.
Comparison of clinical and laboratory characteristics in obese females and obese males with and without ERAF following cryoballoon and RF ablation.
| Females | Males | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | (+) ERAF | (−) ERAF | (+) ERAF | (−) ERAF |
| n (%) | 10 (18) | 44 (82) | 13 (22) | 47 (78) |
| Age (years) | 64.3 ± 7.7 | 63.7 ± 6.1 | 59.1 ± 9.9 | 60.5 ± 7.1 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | 2 (15) | 1 (2) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 30.4 ± 3.7 | 31.7 ± 4.4 | 31.3 ± 3.5 | 30.6 ± 2.3 |
| WC, cm | 96.1 ± 7.5 | 98.7 ± 13.3 | 107.3 ± 12.1 | 104.4 ± 10.0 |
| leptin, ng/mL | 29.9 ± 17.9 | 30.9 ± 21.4 | 6.8 ± 4.3 | 6.1 ± 6.4 |
| Ablation Procedure | ||||
| ERAF n, (%) | 10 (18) | 0 (0) | 13 (22) | 0 (0) |
| Procedure time, min | 139.0 ± 64.4 | 147.5 ± 61.6 | 155.3 ± 59.8 | 147.4 ± 60.6 |
| Cryoablation time, min | 97.0 ± 32.1 | 106.8 ± 30.2 | 95.8 ± 21.1 | 99.2 ± 26.0 |
| RF ablation time, min | 181.0 ± 62.5 | 201.1 ± 50.1 | 192.5 ± 42.0 | 202.3 ± 36.7 |
| Fluoroscopic time, min | 11.4 ± 5.7 | 12.5 ± 6.2 | 11.3 ± 5.4 | 11.9 ± 5.6 |
| Application time, min | 35.1 ± 10.8 | 42.0 ± 18.2 | 45.2 ± 20.9 | 42.5 ± 20.4 |
| Number of applications | 23.0 ± 33.3 | 25.1 ± 39.5 | 17.1 ± 13.7 | 16.2 ± 10.9 |
| Cryoablation, n (%) | 5 (50) | 25 (57) | 5 (38) | 25 (53) |
| RF ablation, n (%) | 5 (50) | 19 (43) | 8 (62) | 22 (47) |
| Cardiovascular Parameters | ||||
| LA volume, mL | 91.8 ± 27.2 | 94.3 ± 25.1 | 106.8 ± 30 | 93.9 ± 35.1 |
| LAVI, mL/m2 | 46.7 ± 11.4 | 48.7 ± 12.0 | 49.9 ± 15.0 | 42.8 ± 14.6 |
| EF, % | 58.1 ± 2.8 | 58.1 ± 3.2 | 57.2 ± 9.7 | 56.6 ± 6.2 |
| CHA2DS2-VASC score, mean ± SD | 2.4 ± 1.3 | 2.4 ± 1.0 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 1.5 ± 0.9 |
| HAS-BLED score, mean ± SD | 1.3 ± 1.1 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 1.1 ± 0.8 | 1.1 ± 06 |
| SBP, mmHg | 130 ± 14.6 | 129 ± 13.6 | 125 ± 11.9 | 127 ± 11.2 |
| DBP, mmHg | 78 ± 12.4 | 77 ± 9.3 | 83 ± 15.0 | 80 ± 9.5 |
| Comorbidities and Medications | ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 7 (70) | 32 (59) | 9 (69) | 33 (70) |
| CAD, n (%) | 1 (10) | 2 (4) | 1 (8) | 10 (21) |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 4 (40) | 21 (48) | 2 (15) | 13 (28) |
| Heart Failure, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 1 (8) | 10 (21) |
| Beta Blocker, n (%) | 9 (90) | 38 (86) | 11(85) | 36 (77) |
| CCB, n (%) | 0 (0) | 11 (25) | 1 (8) | 12 (26) |
| NOAC, n (%) | 7 (70) | 26 (59) | 12 (92) | 35 (74) |
| VKA, n (%) | 3 (30) | 18 (41) | 1 (8) | 12 (26) |
| Statins, n (%) | 5 (50) | 18 (41) | 5 (38) | 20 (43) |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 3 (30) | 13 (29) | 3 (23) | 16 (34) |
| ACEI, n (%) | 3 (30) | 15 (34) | 4 (31) | 14 (30) |
| ARBs, n (%) | 4 (40) | 11 (25) | 2 (15) | 17 (36) |
| AAD, n (%) | 5 (50) | 25 (57) | 6 (46) | 23 (49) |
| Laboratory Findings | ||||
| Glukose, mg/dL | 104.3 ± 8.2 | 100.0 ± 10.2 | 105.5 ± 12.7 | 101.4 ± 10.6 |
| Cholesterol, mg/dL | 187.1 ± 27.9 | 199.3 ± 39.1 | 165.9 ± 32.2 | 176.1 ± 39.9 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 118.5 ± 27.4 | 126.1 ± 37.3 | 104.8 ± 27.1 | 113.0 ± 35.6 |
| eGFR, mL/min | 72.3 ± 18.5 | 66.9 ± 13.7 | 81.2 ± 23.4 | 80.3 ± 11.9 |
| Response to Ablation | ||||
| Parameter | delta | Delta | delta | delta |
| CRP, μg/mL | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 1.2 ± 1.6 | 0.6 ± 0.5 |
| hsIL-6, pg/mL | 20.0 ± 19.9 | 15.7 ± 15.8 | 14.6 ± 34.5 | 12.4 ± 14.3 |
| PLT, 103/mL | −40.7 ± 36.6 | −45.3 ± 30.5 | −29.9 ± 29.8 | −29.8 ± 18.7 |
| Fibrinogen, mg/dL | −34.4 ± 47.9 | −42.2 ± 87.2 | 19.7 ± 58.6 | −14.7 ± 67.3 |
| D-Dimer, mg/dL | 0.5 ± 1.2 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.07 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.3 |
| Hs-TnT, ng/L | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.5 |
| CPK, U/L | 100.6 ± 85.3 | 139.1 ± 117.9 | 35.7 ± 96.4 | 111.2 ± 130.6 |
| CK-MB, U/L | 10.3 ± 10.2 | 15.9 ± 16.8 | 9.0 ± 10.8 | 16.2 ± 18.5 |
| vWF, ng/mL | 0.37 ± 0.65 | 0.11 ± 0.58 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.06 ± 0.7 |
| sICAM-1, ng/mL | 0.8 ± 14.1 * | −22.2 ± 52.6 * | 13.4 ± 73.7 | 0.03 ± 20.6 |
| ST-2, ng/mL | 1.9 ± 4.2 | 1.5 ± 2.4 | 2.5 ± 2.6 * | 1.1 ± 1.9 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; ERAF, early recurrence atrial fibrillation; RF, radiofrequency; LAVI, left atrial volume index; EF, ejection fraction; CHA2DS2-VASc, Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age ≥ 75 (doubled), Diabetes, Stroke (doubled), Vascular disease, Age 65–74, Sex (female); HAS-BLED, Hypertension, Abnormal renal/liver function, Stroke, Bleeding history or predisposition, Labile INR, Elderly (>65 years), Drugs/alcohol concomitantly; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; CAD, coronary artery disease; CCB, calcium channel blockers; NOAC, non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant; VKA, vitamin K antagonist; ACE-I, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker, AAD, anti-arrhythmic drugs; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; CRP, C-reactive protein; PLT, platelets; hs-TnT, high-sensitive cardiac troponin T; vWF, von Willebrandt factor; s-ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecul; Delta denotes the response to the ablation procedure. Delta was defined as the change in the biomarker concentration between two assays performed within 24-hour period (after ablation—before ablation). Significance difference ERAF(+) vs. ERAF (−) * p < 0.05.