Table 1.
Therapeutic development to overcome resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in dMMR/MSI CRCs.
| Reference/Trial | Type of ICI/Target | Name of Drug | Phase |
|---|---|---|---|
| 86 | Anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA-4 | Nivolumab and Ipilimumab | II |
| 88, 89, NCT04475523 | Anti-VISTA | CI-8993 | I |
| 90, NCT03607890 | Anti-LAG3 | Relatlimab | II |
| NCT04715633 | Anti-PD1 with vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor | Camrelizumab and Apatinib | II |
| 92 and 93 | Anti-IDO1 | Navoximod | I |
| 99 and 100 | Gut Microbiota | Fecal microbiota transplant | I |
| 102 NCT04041310 |
Vaccines with MSI-shared frameshift peptides |
TAF1B, HT001, AIM2 in Micoryx GAd20-209-FSP and MVA-209-FSP |
I/IIa I |
| 104, 105, NCT04303403, NCT02955940 |
Janus kinase (JAK1/2) | Ruxolitinib | I, II |
FSP: Frameshift peptide, ICI: Immune checkpoint inhibitor, PD1: Program death 1, VISTA: V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation, LAG3: Lymphocyte activation gene-3, IDO1: Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1, JAK 1-2: Janus kinase 1 and 2.