Table 2.
Cytokines, chemokines and grow factors significantly modulated in COVID-19 and NO-COVID-19 individuals
| Main source | Analytes | NP Pool1 | NP Pool2 | Spike | ORF3a | Membrane | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 | NO-COVID-19 | p* | COVID-19 | NO-COVID-19 | p* | COVID-19 | NO-COVID-19 | p* | COVID-19 | NO-COVID-19 | p* | COVID-19 | NO-COVID-19 | p* | |||
| Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | ||||||||
| Inflammatory cytokines/chemokines | Macrophages | IL-6 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 51.56 (22.2–98.48) | 8.98 (6.09–27.1) | 0.008 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Macrophages | TNF-α | 28.84 (15.72–40.99) | 4.5 (0.0–21.44) | 0.009 | 26.72 (7.04–55.16) | 4.84 (0.0–32.89) | 0.048 | 33.88 (16.32–70.8) | 14.08 (5.71–23.81) | 0.0067 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Th1 | IFN-γ | – | – | – | – | – | – | 131.2 (101.2–243) | 48.2 (25.04–118.6) | 0.017 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Th17 | IL-17 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9.4 (4.44–15.44) | 2.88 (1.06–6.76) | 0.017 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Monocytes | IP-10 | 546.2 (0.0–1751) | 26.78 (0.0–279.1) | 0.025 | 1349 (0.0–5328) | 34.56 (0.0–123.6) | 0.028 | 1108 (289.2–3145) | 19.36 (0.0–164.7) | < 0.0001 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Fibroblasts | |||||||||||||||||
| Endothelial cells | |||||||||||||||||
| Monocytes | MCP-1 | 2548 (1526–3125) | 615.7 (138.4–1941) | 0.043 | – | – | – | 2679 (1350–4600) | 712.8 (220–1295) | 0.013 | 7754 (3901–10,540) | 11,377 (8489–17,050) | 0.01 | 7352 (2138–11,063) | 12,841 (7076–13,557) | 0.02 | |
| Macrophages | |||||||||||||||||
| Monocytes | MIP-1α | 16.84 (6.68–35.2) | 3.18 (1.57–11.18) | 0.0024 | – | – | – | 17.6 (10.48–56.12) | 7.2 (2.64–15.29) | 0.0137 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Macrophages | |||||||||||||||||
| Monocytes | MIP-1β | 250.2 (128–335.9) | 51.66 (4.86–96.05) | 0.0012 | – | – | – | 382 (177.8–922) | 192.8 (65.69–323) | 0.014 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Macrophages | |||||||||||||||||
| Platelets. macrophages | RANTES | 540.3 (259.8–1013) | 0 (0.0–229.6) | 0.001 | – | – | – | 590.8 (407.2–877) | 303.8 (0.0–690.9) | 0.049 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Anti-inflammatory cytokines | Th2 | IL-4 | 0.92 (0.68–1.68) | 0.32 (0.12–0.94) | 0.0087 | – | – | – | 1.24 (0.64–2.64) | 0.38 (0.07–1.44) | 0.015 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Th2 | IL-10 | 1.84 (0.96–6.04) | 0.96 (0.0–2.13) | 0.046 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Treg | |||||||||||||||||
| Th2 | IL-13 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.6 (0.28–2.44) | 0.08 (0.0–0.39) | 0.043 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Growth factors | Th1 | IL-2 | 10.44 (2.88–32.84) | 1.78 (0.75–5.24) | 0.0023 | 21.72 (6.12–103) | 3.1 (0.3–10.89) | 0.0065 | 32.84 (9.44–100.5) | 2.34 (1.13–9.78) | 0.0018 | 59.28 (30.56–142) | 31.14 (20.52–62.02) | 0.039 | 64.16 (28.32–213.8) | 30.28 (12–62.14) | 0.03 |
| Th9 | IL-9 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 26.24 (0.76–32.2) | 6.02 (0.0–24.6) | 0.026 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Stromal cells. Macrophages | FGF | – | – | – | – | – | – | 25.76 (13.88–40.24) | 10.62 (6.9–19.22) | 0.017 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
COVID-19 CoronaVIrus Disease 19; N Number; IL interleukin; FGF: fibroblast growth factor, IFN: interferon, IP: IFN-γ-induced protein, MCP: monocyte chemoattractant protein, MIP: macrophage inflammatory protein, RANTES: regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted, TNF: tumour necrosis factor
*Mann Whitney test