Table 4.

Immuoregulating Effect of Antiparasitic Agents

Drug	Mechanism	Reference
Artemisinin	Upregulates the proportion of CD4+ IFN-γ+ T cells and Granzyme B + cytotoxic T lymphocyte while abolishes the immunosuppressive effect of Treg cells and MDSCs	[96]
	Regulates the expression level of immune mediators by upregulating the T-bet, IFN-γ, TNF-α while downregulating the TGF-b
	Enhances the cytotoxic effect of NK cells and stimulates the granule exocytosis	[99]
	Modulates their downstream proteins of NK activating receptors including Vav-1 as well as ERK1/2
	Sensitizes cancer cells to NK cell-induced cytolysis by enhancing conjugation between NK cells and tumor cells	[100]
Artesunate	Enhances the cytotoxicity of γδ T cells via upregulating the expression of granzyme B in γδ T cells	[97]
	Helps HepG2 cancer cells regain sensitivity to γδ T cells via inhibiting TGF-b secretion	[101]
Chloroquine	CQ-induced autophagy inhibition enhances the immunogenicity of cancer cells, thus enhances DC maturation and T cell response by inducing autophagy inhibition	[102]
	Promotes cancer cell killer CD8+T cell and downregulates immunosuppressive cells in vivo	[104]
	Suppresses TGF-b production of the cancer cells in vitro and in vivo
	Downregulates the Immunol response via upregulating the FoxP3 positive Treg cells and reducing the T cytotoxic cells	[105]
Hydroxychloroquine	Sensitizes CML cell to Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-mediated lysis in an autophagy-independent way	[103]
Pyrimethamine	Suppresses Treg cells as well as TH-17 associated immune response, while enhances the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells via promoting exocytosis	[107]