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. 2021 Jun 24;9:e11616. doi: 10.7717/peerj.11616

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©2021 Wheeler et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

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Effects of acute sleep fragmentation (ASF), adrenergic blockade, and their interaction on cytokine (IL1β, TNFα, and TGFβ) mRNA expression in prefrontal cortex (A, D, G), hippocampus (B, E, H), and hypothalamus (C, F, I) of mice injected with a pharmacological adrenergic block (phentolamine (Phe) or propranolol (Pro) or vehicle (Veh) and were either subjected to control (CON) or ASF. Sample sizes of each treatment group are listed with their respective bar graph and were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD post hoc tests. Data shown as means 1 SE for each group and differing letters denotes p < 0.05.