Table 3.

Healthcare Cost Comparison Among Helmeted and Non-Helmeted Motorcycle Crash Victims with Head Injuries

Cost Component	Group Total (N= 112)
	Helmeted	Non-Helmeted	P-value
	n= 23	n= 89
	Median [IQR] in PKR & (US Dollar)
ER bed (per day)	5685 ($36) [5685 −5685]	5685 ($36) [5685 −5685]	0.99
Laboratory services cost on hospital	365 ($2) [365 (($2) −548 ($3)]	3650 ($23) [365 ($2) −5840 ($37)]	0.027*
Radiology services cost on hospital	4096 ($26) [3166 ($20) −5678 ($36)]	4750 ($30) [3166 ($20) −11,358 ($72)]	0.049*
ICU bed cost	11,065 ($70) [11,065 −11,065]	33,196 ($211) [22,131 ($141)-49,795 ($317)]	0.017*
OOPs for healthcare services	17,750 ($113) [16,650 ($106)-18,000 ($115)]	19,800 ($126) [12,300 ($78) – 30,900 ($197)]	0.03*
Total health care cost	10,796 ($69) [9851 ($63) −12,581 ($80)]	12,113 ($77) [10,431($66) −50,545 ($322)]	0.046*

Notes: *Mann–Whitney U-test, level of significance P-value<0.05. OOPs is the cost burden on the patients (patient perspectives). Total healthcare costs is the estimated costs paid by the public hospital (healthcare facility perspective)

Abbreviations: ER, emergency room; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range, Q3 − Q1; OOPs, Out-of-pocket payments.