Table 1.

Selected modulators of cell senescence

Senescent modulators	Circumstances	References
SA-β-gal-positive staining	Development, ageing, all stages	15
p21CIP1	Cell cycle arrest, ageing, all stages	568
p16INK4a	Cell cycle arrest, ageing, all stages	569
p53	Cell cycle arrest, ageing, DNA damage	570
Rb	Cell cycle arrest, ageing, DNA damage	571
Lamin B1	Decrease in ageing, genome instability	572
TAFs/TIFs	DNA damage, telomere attrition	573,574
Phospho-γH2AX	DNA damage	575
SASP components	Ageing, DAMPs, all stages	18
Mitochondrial dysfunction	Decrease respiration and ATP production	576
Protein aggregates	UPR, ageing, loss of proteostasis	577
Oxidative stress	Increase ROS/RNS	576
Autophagy malfunction	Ageing, protein toxicity	578
Macromolecular condensates	Various stress, ageing	19
HP1	Various stress, SAHF	579
DNA methylation	Various stress, SAHF	580
Histone methylation	Various stress, SAHF	581
Morphology	Ageing	582
Multi-omics alteration	Various stress, ageing	583