Table 3.
Mean scores and standard deviations of the DS-I separated by sex and age groups.
| Total score | LoM | DHM | DYS | SoF | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| α = 0.94 | α = 0.91 | α = 0.89 | α = 0.78 | α = 0.78 | |||||||
| M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | ||
| Men | |||||||||||
| <30 years | n = 174 | 16.44 | (12.77) | 2.72 | (4.53) | 2.83 | (3.75) | 4.15 | (3.61) | 6.74 | (3.48) |
| 30–39 years | n = 163 | 15.63 | (12.58) | 2.53 | (4.28) | 2.77 | (3.80) | 3.92 | (3.04) | 6.40 | (3.44) |
| 40–49 years | n = 182 | 15.75 | (12.39) | 2.49 | (4.26) | 2.81 | (3.75) | 4.42 | (3.05) | 6.03 | (3.24) |
| 50–59 years | n = 211 | 15.19 | (12.21) | 2.38 | (4.35) | 2.79 | (3.65) | 3.99 | (2.80) | 6.03 | (3.54) |
| 60–69 years | n = 182 | 16.42 | (11.40) | 2.60 | (4.19) | 2.84 | (3.57) | 4.33 | (2.99) | 6.65 | (3.34) |
| ≥70 years | n = 154 | 15.58 | (10.58) | 2.55 | (3.86) | 2.80 | (3.31) | 4.04 | (2.78) | 6.20 | (3.40) |
| All | n = 1,066 | 15.82 | (12.02) | 2.54 | (4.25) | 2.80 | 3.64) | 4.14 | (3.05) | 6.33 | (3.41) |
| Women | |||||||||||
| <30 years | n = 209 | 17.91 | (13.67) | 2.99 | (4.50) | 3.34 | (4.42) | 4.96 | (3.53) | 6.63 | (3.62) |
| 30–39 years | n = 213 | 16.18 | (13.76) | 2.75 | (5.02) | 3.03 | (4.14) | 4.80 | (3.50) | 5.61 | (3.37) |
| 40–49 years | n = 238 | 16.79 | (12.78) | 2.75 | (4.42) | 3.31 | (4.20) | 4.75 | (3.20) | 5.98 | (3.43) |
| 50–59 years | n = 249 | 18.79 | (14.80) | 3.44 | (5.24) | 3.97 | (4.86) | 5.02 | (3.51) | 6.36 | (3.38) |
| 60–69 years | n = 217 | 16.47 | (11.11) | 2.47 | (3.86) | 3.36 | 3.61) | 4.75 | (2.89) | 5.89 | (3.08) |
| ≥70 years | n = 215 | 18.36 | (12.82) | 3.40 | (4.76) | 3.87 | (4.31) | 4.53 | (2.96) | 6.56 | (3.30) |
| All | n = 1,341 | 17.44 | (13.25) | 2.97 | (4.67) | 3.49 | (4.29) | 4.80 | (3.28) | 6.17 | (3.38) |
| Total sample | |||||||||||
| <30 years | n = 383 | 17.24 | (13.27) | 2.87 | (4.51) | 3.11 | (4.13) | 4.59 | (3.58) | 6.68 | (3.55) |
| 30–39 years | n = 376 | 15.94 | (13.25) | 2.65 | (4.71) | 2.91 | (3.99) | 4.42 | (3.33) | 5.95 | (3.42) |
| 40–49 years | n = 420 | 16.34 | (12.61) | 2.64 | (4.35) | 3.09 | (4.01) | 4.61 | (3.14) | 6.00 | (3.35) |
| 50–59 years | n = 460 | 17.14 | (13.77) | 2.95 | (4.88) | 3.43 | (4.38) | 4.55 | (3.24) | 6.21 | (3.45) |
| 60–69 years | n = 399 | 16.45 | (11.23) | 2.53 | (4.01) | 3.12 | (3.60) | 4.56 | (2.94) | 6.24 | (3.22) |
| ≥70 years | n = 369 | 17.20 | (12.00) | 3.04 | (4.42) | 3.43 | (3.95) | 4.32 | (2.90) | 6.41 | (3.34) |
| All | n = 2,407 | 16.72 | (12.74) | 2.78 | (4.49) | 3.19 | (4.03) | 4.51 | (3.20) | 6.24 | (3.40) |
M, mean of Demoralization (sub-) scale; SD, standard deviation; α, Cronbach's alpha; DS-I, Demoralization Scale (I); LoM, Loss of Meaning; DHM, Disheartenment; DYS, Dysphoria; SoF, Sense of Failure.