Table 4.

F-scores and effect sizes of group differences regarding sociodemographic variables on DS-I total score and all subscales.

		Total score	LoM	DHM	DYS	SoF
Age group	F	0.59(n.s.)	0.62(n.s.)	0.83(n.s.)	0.54(n.s.)	2.19(n.s.)
	d	0.10	0.11	0.13	0.09	0.22
sex	F	9.11**	5.14**	16.76**	25.17**	1.53(n.s.)
	d	0.12	0.09	0.17	0.21	0.22
Occupation	F	50.66**	45.90**	39.06**	27.61**	29.27**
	d	1.04	1.01	0.92	0.79	0.78
Partnership	F	63.16**	71.38**	58.34**	18.39**	30.12**
	d	0.33	0.35*	0.32	0.19	0.22
Income	F	18.03**	12.31**	12.61**	11.74**	14.81**
	d	0.39	0.32	0.36	0.37	0.27
Education	F	12.40**	11.20**	7.52*	8.68**	14.75**
	d	0.22	0.21	0.18	0.15	0.25

DS-I, Demoralization Scale (I); LoM, Loss of Meaning; DHM, Disheartenment; DYS, Dysphoria; SoF, Sense of Failure; For the ANOVAs testing for group differences regarding occupation, partnership, income and education sex and age group were included as covariables.

^*p = 0.001;

^**p < 0.001; n.s.: p > 0.05.