Table 5.
Longitudinal association between slope of glomerular filtration rate change, epidemiological factors, symptoms, and biochemical parameters by follow-up repeated measures.
| Model with individual symptoms | Model with symptom-based subtype | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimated GFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | Regression coefficienta | p-valuea | 95% confidence interval | Regression coefficienta | p-valuea | 95% confidence interval |
| Key biochemistry and physical measurement | ||||||
| Baseline GFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 0.916 | <0.001 | 0.853 to 0.978 | 0.853 | <0.001 | 0.762 to 0.945 |
| Log-urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) | −1.347 | <0.001 | −1.947 to −0.748 | −3.081 | <0.001 | −3.999 to −2.162 |
| Association between presence of symptom or symptom-based subtype and monthly GFR measures | ||||||
| Edema | −0.150 | <0.001 | −0.204 to −0.096 | |||
| Epigastric bloating | −0.064 | 0.013 | −0.115 to −0.013 | |||
| Cold extremities | 0.103 | <0.001 | 0.053 to 0.152 | |||
| Alternating dry and loose stool | −0.095 | 0.004 | −0.158 to −0.031 | |||
| Thin tongue | −0.246 | <0.001 | −0.375 to −0.118 | |||
| Deep pulse | −0.129 | <0.001 | −0.181 to −0.076 | |||
| Unsmooth pulse | −0.104 | 0.001 | −0.168 to −0.040 | |||
| Symptom-based subtype 4 | 0.116 | 0.042 | 0.004 to 0.228 | |||
| Symptom-based subtype 8 | −0.088 | 0.011 | −0.155 to −0.020 | |||
| Symptom–based subtype 10 | 0.121 | 0.014 | 0.024–0.218 | |||
Mixed linear growth model on longitudinal repeated measures was used to estimate the slope of GFR change.
Monthly difference (ml/min/1.73m2) and p–value comparing slope of GFR change between patients with or without the baseline presence of the symptoms and symptom-based subtypes. After adjusting age, gender, type of diabetes, smoking history, alcohol consumption, obesity status, the baseline control of blood glucose (hemoglobin A1c), blood pressure (systolic blood pressure), lipids (low–density lipoprotein), and urine albumin (log-transformed urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio), patients presented with symptom-based subtype 8 is associated with 1.1 ml/min/1.73m2 more annual GFR drop, whereas patients presented with edema, epigastric bloating, alternating dry and loose stool, thin tongue, deep pulse or unsmooth pulse is associated with 1.8, 0.8, 1.1, 3.0, 1.5, or 1.2 ml/min/1.73m2 more annual GFR drop.