TABLE 4.
Hierarchical linear regression results of DHP‐18 subscales
| Predictors | Psychological distress | Disinhibited eating | Barriers to activity | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β_PD | CI | p | β_DE | CI | p | β_BTA | CI | p | |
| (Intercept) | 28.57 | 10.39 to 46.75 | 0.002 | 47.70 | 31.98 to 63.41 | <0.001 | 41.92 | 25.13 to 58.70 | <0.001 |
| Sociodemographic factors | |||||||||
| Gender | |||||||||
| Women | Reference | ||||||||
| Men | 0.07 | −4.42 to 4.55 | 0.977 | −2.45 | −6.33 to 1.42 | 0.213 | −0.63 | −4.77 to 3.51 | 0.765 |
| Age category | |||||||||
| 21 to 29 | Reference | ||||||||
| 30 to 39 | 3.16 | −4.87 to 11.19 | 0.440 | 2.03 | −4.92 to 8.97 | 0.566 | 2.83 | −4.59 to 10.24 | 0.453 |
| 40 to 49 | −3.71 | −11.57 to 4.16 | 0.354 | −6.93 | −13.73 to −0.13 | 0.046 | 1.14 | −6.12 to 8.41 | 0.757 |
| 50 to 59 | −9.58 | −17.79 to −1.37 | 0.022 | −8.89 | −15.99 to −1.79 | 0.014 | 3.16 | −4.43 to 10.74 | 0.413 |
| 60 and above | −10.20 | −18.84 to −1.55 | 0.021 | −4.18 | −11.66 to 3.30 | 0.272 | 5.12 | −2.86 to 13.11 | 0.208 |
| Household Income (Percentile) | |||||||||
| >$6801 (91st and above) | Reference | ||||||||
| Below $600‐$1600 (1st to 30th) | −9.76 | −17.92 to −1.60 | 0.019 | 1.13 | −5.93 to 8.18 | 0.753 | −10.59 | −18.12 to −3.05 | 0.006 |
| Between $1601‐$3300 (31st to 60th) | −7.20 | −14.69 to 0.28 | 0.059 | −3.03 | −9.50 to 3.44 | 0.358 | −3.88 | −10.79 to 3.03 | 0.270 |
| Between $3301‐$6800 (61st to 90th) | −7.04 | −14.86 to 0.79 | 0.078 | −3.84 | −10.61 to 2.93 | 0.265 | −6.01 | −13.24 to 1.21 | 0.103 |
| Not comfortable to share | −5.91 | −14.93 to 3.11 | 0.198 | 1.07 | −6.73 to 8.87 | 0.786 | −8.87 | −17.20 to −0.54 | 0.037 |
| Ethnicity | |||||||||
| Chinese | Reference | ||||||||
| Indian | 6.65 | 0.51 to 12.79 | 0.034 | −0.15 | −5.46 to 5.16 | 0.955 | 0.35 | −5.32 to 6.02 | 0.904 |
| Malay | 1.64 | −5.97 to 9.26 | 0.671 | 6.34 | −0.24 to 12.92 | 0.059 | −2.65 | −9.68 to 4.38 | 0.458 |
| Others | −2.79 | −12.39 to 6.81 | 0.568 | −0.88 | −9.18 to 7.43 | 0.836 | 6.36 | −2.51 to 15.23 | 0.159 |
| Education level | |||||||||
| Pre‐University | Reference | ||||||||
| Primary and Lower | 8.08 | −8.32 to 24.49 | 0.333 | 5.35 | −8.84 to 19.54 | 0.458 | −1.52 | −16.67 to 13.63 | 0.844 |
| Secondary/ITE | −2.10 | −7.89 to 3.69 | 0.476 | −2.14 | −7.14 to 2.87 | 0.402 | −3.42 | −8.77 to 1.93 | 0.209 |
| University and Above | −4.41 | −10.32 to 1.49 | 0.142 | −1.58 | −6.69 to 3.52 | 0.542 | −4.88 | −10.33 to 0.57 | 0.079 |
| Employment status | |||||||||
| Employed | Reference | ||||||||
| Not applicable | 0.17 | −7.65 to 7.98 | 0.967 | −6.18 | −12.94 to 0.57 | 0.073 | −3.38 | −10.60 to 3.83 | 0.357 |
| Unemployed | 4.87 | −2.06 to 11.79 | 0.167 | −8.60 | −14.58 to −2.61 | 0.005 | −0.72 | −7.12 to 5.67 | 0.824 |
| Housing type | |||||||||
| Smaller public housing/renting | Reference | ||||||||
| Larger public housing | 1.13 | −5.14 to 7.39 | 0.724 | 1.63 | −3.79 to 7.05 | 0.554 | −0.79 | −6.58 to 4.99 | 0.787 |
| Private housing/landed property | −2.23 | −10.70 to 6.23 | 0.604 | 1.08 | −6.24 to 8.40 | 0.772 | −1.40 | −9.22 to 6.42 | 0.725 |
| Diabetes‐related status | |||||||||
| Diabetes type | |||||||||
| Not sure/Unclear, Others (MODY, LADA) | Reference | ||||||||
| Type 1 diabetes | 12.92 | 1.78 to 24.07 | 0.023 | −4.11 | −13.75 to 5.53 | 0.402 | 2.32 | −7.97 to 12.61 | 0.657 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 2.65 | −7.17 to 12.46 | 0.596 | −2.15 | −10.64 to 6.34 | 0.618 | −2.15 | −11.22 to 6.91 | 0.641 |
| Diabetes duration | |||||||||
| <5 years | Reference | ||||||||
| 5 to 9 years | −2.94 | −9.34 to 3.46 | 0.367 | 1.31 | −4.23 to 6.84 | 0.643 | −4.04 | −9.96 to 1.87 | 0.179 |
| 10 to 14 years | 0.62 | −6.56 to 7.79 | 0.866 | 0.25 | −5.95 to 6.46 | 0.936 | −0.35 | −6.97 to 6.28 | 0.918 |
| 15 to 20 years | −1.38 | −9.21 to 6.45 | 0.729 | −4.96 | −11.73 to 1.82 | 0.151 | −8.34 | −15.57 to −1.10 | 0.024 |
| >20 years | −3.64 | −11.21 to 3.94 | 0.345 | −7.93 | −14.48 to −1.39 | 0.018 | 0.53 | −6.47 to 7.52 | 0.882 |
| Diabetes medication | |||||||||
| I am not sure/Not on medication | Reference | ||||||||
| Insulin and oral medications | 4.19 | −8.88 to 17.26 | 0.529 | 6.89 | −4.41 to 18.19 | 0.231 | 7.61 | −4.45 to 19.68 | 0.215 |
| Insulin injections | −4.42 | −17.86 to 9.02 | 0.518 | 1.84 | −9.78 to 13.46 | 0.755 | −0.17 | −12.58 to 12.24 | 0.978 |
| Oral medications | −1.44 | −13.88 to 11.00 | 0.820 | 1.19 | −9.57 to 11.95 | 0.827 | 1.88 | −9.61 to 13.37 | 0.747 |
| Medical history | |||||||||
| No. of Comorbidities | 3.16 | 0.88 to 5.43 | 0.007 | 2.49 | 0.52 to 4.46 | 0.014 | 1.11 | −0.99 to 3.21 | 0.299 |
| History of Mental Health Conditions | 9.33 | 0.29 to 18.36 | 0.043 | 1.66 | −6.15 to 9.47 | 0.676 | 6.86 | −1.48 to 15.20 | 0.107 |
| Health services access & self‐care | |||||||||
| Able to reach doctor while not going to clinic | |||||||||
| No | Reference | ||||||||
| Yes | −9.50 | −15.39 to −3.61 | 0.002 | −3.40 | –8.50 to 1.69 | 0.190 | –−7.53 | −12.97 to –2.09 | 0.007 |
| Check blood glucose level | |||||||||
| About the same | Reference | ||||||||
| Less frequently | 5.93 | −0.09 to 11.94 | 0.053 | 7.31 | 2.11 to 12.51 | 0.006 | 7.19 | 1.64 to 12.75 | 0.011 |
| More frequently | −0.70 | −6.95 to 5.55 | 0.826 | 1.27 | −4.13 to 6.68 | 0.644 | 7.82 | 2.05 to 13.59 | 0.008 |
| Keep physically active | |||||||||
| About the same | Reference | ||||||||
| Less frequently | 1.27 | −3.81 to 6.34 | 0.623 | 2.62 | −1.77 to 7.00 | 0.241 | −2.43 | −7.12 to 2.25 | 0.307 |
| More frequently | −0.48 | −7.11 to 6.14 | 0.886 | 1.70 | −4.03 to 7.43 | 0.560 | −5.38 | −11.51 to 0.74 | 0.084 |
| Eat a healthy diet | |||||||||
| About the same | Reference | ||||||||
| Less frequently | 1.39 | −5.13 to 7.91 | 0.675 | 4.74 | −0.90 to 10.38 | 0.099 | 1.80 | −4.22 to 7.82 | 0.556 |
| More frequently | 3.39 | −2.90 to 9.69 | 0.289 | 1.91 | −3.53 to 7.36 | 0.489 | 4.35 | −1.47 to 10.16 | 0.142 |
| Able to look after myself when sick | |||||||||
| About the same | Reference | ||||||||
| Less frequently | 13.53 | 3.47 to 23.60 | 0.009 | 8.07 | −0.63 to 16.78 | 0.069 | 16.84 | 7.54 to 26.13 | <0.001 |
| More frequently | −3.23 | −9.52 to 3.05 | 0.312 | −5.12 | −10.56 to 0.32 | 0.065 | −4.29 | −10.10 to 1.51 | 0.147 |
| Able to keep myself mentally active | |||||||||
| About the same | Reference | ||||||||
| Less frequently | 14.38 | 3.79 to 24.97 | 0.008 | 1.74 | −7.42 to 10.89 | 0.709 | 2.97 | –6.81 to 12.75 | 0.551 |
| More frequently | 1.31 | −4.08 to 6.69 | 0.633 | 3.13 | −1.52 to 7.79 | 0.186 | 7.21 | 2.24 to 12.19 | 0.005 |
| Observations | 301 | 301 | 301 | ||||||
| Model R2/R2 adjusted a | |||||||||
| Model 1 | 0.096/0.035 | 0.112/0.052 | 0.068/0.005 | ||||||
| Model 2 | 0.139/0.050 | 0.185/0.101 | 0.111/0.020 | ||||||
| Model 3 | 0.193/0.103 | 0.211/0.123 | 0.136/0.040 | ||||||
| Model 4 | 0.336/0.225 | 0.307/0.191 | 0.301/0.184 | ||||||
Bold values indicate P values < .05.
Abbreviations: LADA, Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in AdultsMODY, Maturity‐Onset Diabetes of the Young.
a
Variables in Model 1: Sociodemographic Factors; Model 2: Model 1 + Diabetes‐related status, Model 3: Model 2 + Medical history, Model 4: Model 3 + Health Services Access and Self‐Care status