TABLE 5.

Results of hypotheses testing H1‐5

Hypothesized paths	Parameter estimates (t‐value)
H1a/b: Perceived Threat ‐>Hope	−0.233 (−4.197)**
H1c: Maladaptive Reward‐>Hope	0.154 (1.967)*
H1d: Response Efficacy ‐>Hope	0.141 (2.031)*
H1e: Response Cost ‐>Hope	−0.046 (−0.662)
H1f: Self‐efficacy‐>Hope	0.255 (4.056)**
H2a/b: Perceived Threat‐>Fear	0.499 (8.901)**
H2c: Maladaptive Reward ‐>Fear	−0.101 (−1.384)
H2d: Response Efficacy ‐>Fear	−0.157 (−2.400)*
H2e: Response Cost ‐>Fear	0.106 (1.594)
H2f: Self‐efficacy ‐>Fear	−0.103 (−1.780)
H3a: Hope ‐>Hygienic Behavior	−0.034 (−0.626)
H3b: Fear ‐>Hygienic Behavior	0.225 (4.043)**
H4a: Hope ‐>Support Local	0.130 (2.479)*
H4b: Fear ‐>Support Local	0.200 (3.742)**
H5a: Hope ‐>Conscious consumption	0.087 (1.160)
H5b: Fear ‐>Conscious consumption	0.308(5.592)**

^* p < 0.05

^** p < 0.001.