Table 2.

Risk of prevalent CKD or incident ESKD according to amounts of alcohol use

Alcohol use (drink/wk)	Univariable model		Multivariable model 1		Multivariable model 2
	OR or HR (95% CI)	p-value	Adjusted OR or HR (95% CI)	p-value	Adjusted OR or HR (95% CI)	p-value
Prevalent CKD
0 or 1	1.48 (1.21–1.81)	<0.001	1.38 (1.13–1.70)	<0.001	1.31 (1.06–1.61)	0.01
>1 and ≤7	Reference		Reference		Reference
>7 and ≤14	0.87 (0.80–0.93)	<0.001	0.86 (0.79–0.93)	0.002	0.89 (0.82–0.97)	0.005
>14	0.80 (0.73–0.87)	<0.001	0.73 (0.67-0.79)	<0.001	0.80 (0.73–0.87)	<0.001
Incident ESKD
0 or 1	2.95 (1.26–6.89)	0.010	2.62 (1.12–6.14)	0.03	3.17 (1.34–7.50)	0.009
>1 and ≤7	Reference		Reference		Reference
>7 and ≤14	1.15 (0.76–1.73)	0.52	1.38 (0.91–2.09)	0.13	1.40 (0.92–2.15)	0.12
>14	1.17 (0.76–1.79)	0.48	1.29 (0.83–1.99)	0.25	1.18 (0.75–1.86)	0.47

For the prevalent CKD outcome, logistic regression analysis was performed (OR), and for the incident ESKD outcome, Cox regression analysis was performed (HR).

Multivariable model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, history of diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. When analyzing the incident ESKD outcome, the baseline eGFR was additionally adjusted.

Multivariable model 2 was adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, waist circumference, history of angina/heart attack/stroke, diabetes mellitus, hemoglobin A1c level, hypertension, systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic BP, dyslipidemia, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, smoking (nonsmoker, ex-smoker, current smoker), average days of moderate physical activity per week, number of illnesses, number of treatments received, income grade (<₤18,000, ₤18,000–₤30,999, ₤31,000–₤51,999, ₤52,000–₤100,000, and >₤100,000), and number of household members.

CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; HR, hazard ratio; OR, odds ratio.