Table 1.
Participant characteristics at admission of the overall sample by course of cannabis use (N = 938).
| Course of cannabis use |
Group comparisons |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (N = 938) |
Group 1: no use (N = 475) |
Group 2: reduced (N = 155) |
Group 3: persistent (N = 308) |
Overall difference |
Pairwise: 1 vs 2 |
Pairwise: 1 vs 3 |
Pairwise: 2 vs 3 |
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| Measures | N | %, M (SD), Med (IQR) | N | %, M (SD), Med (IQR) | N | %, M (SD), Med (IQR) | N | %, M (SD), Med (IQR) | Test Statistic | p | p | p | p |
| Demographic measures | |||||||||||||
| Age (years) | 938 | 21.0 (3.3) | 475 | 21.1 (3.5) | 155 | 21.0 (2.9) | 308 | 20.9 (2.9) | F(2, 935) = 0.39 | 0.676 | |||
| Gender | χ2(4) = 21.72 | <0.001 | 0.014 | <0.001 | 0.839 | ||||||||
| Female | 236 | 25.2% | 150 | 31.6% | 30 | 19.4% | 56 | 18.2% | |||||
| Male | 697 | 74.3% | 322 | 67.8% | 124 | 80.0% | 251 | 81.5% | |||||
| Other | 5 | 0.5% | 3 | 0.6% | 1 | 0.6% | 1 | 0.3% | |||||
| Race | χ2(6) = 24.39 | <0.001 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.916 | ||||||||
| White (non-Hispanic) | 253 | 27.0% | 116 | 24.4% | 46 | 29.7% | 91 | 29.5% | |||||
| Black (non-Hispanic) | 335 | 35.7% | 158 | 33.3% | 62 | 40.0% | 115 | 37.3% | |||||
| Hispanic | 258 | 27.5% | 133 | 28.0% | 40 | 25.8% | 85 | 27.6% | |||||
| Other | 92 | 9.8% | 68 | 14.3% | 7 | 4.5% | 17 | 5.5% | |||||
| Insurance status | χ2(6) = 7.13 | 0.309 | |||||||||||
| Uninsured | 48 | 5.1% | 30 | 6.3% | 7 | 4.5% | 11 | 3.6% | |||||
| Public | 430 | 45.8% | 214 | 45.1% | 71 | 45.8% | 145 | 47.1% | |||||
| Private | 383 | 40.8% | 190 | 40.0% | 70 | 45.2% | 123 | 39.9% | |||||
| Other | 77 | 8.2% | 41 | 8.6% | 7 | 4.5% | 29 | 9.4% | |||||
| Social/family measures | |||||||||||||
| Homelessness | χ2(2) = 4.99 | 0.083 | |||||||||||
| No | 885 | 94.3% | 456 | 96.0% | 143 | 92.3% | 286 | 92.9% | |||||
| Yes | 53 | 5.7% | 19 | 4.0% | 12 | 7.7% | 22 | 7.1% | |||||
| Lives with family | χ2(6) = 7.63 | 0.267 | |||||||||||
| Parents | 787 | 83.9% | 408 | 85.9% | 132 | 85.2% | 247 | 80.2% | |||||
| Other family (not parents) | 63 | 6.7% | 28 | 5.9% | 8 | 5.2% | 27 | 8.8% | |||||
| Alone | 41 | 4.4% | 15 | 3.2% | 7 | 4.5% | 19 | 6.2% | |||||
| Other | 47 | 5.0% | 24 | 5.1% | 8 | 5.2% | 15 | 4.9% | |||||
| Family contact | χ2(4) = 2.26 | 0.688 | |||||||||||
| Daily | 842 | 90.8% | 430 | 90.9% | 141 | 91.6% | 271 | 90.3% | |||||
| Weekly | 60 | 6.5% | 31 | 6.6% | 7 | 4.5% | 22 | 7.3% | |||||
| Monthly or less | 25 | 2.7% | 12 | 2.5% | 6 | 3.9% | 7 | 2.3% | |||||
| Legal issues | χ2(2) = 7.68 | 0.021 | 0.287 | 0.006 | 0.223 | ||||||||
| No | 454 | 88.7% | 233 | 92.1% | 93 | 88.6% | 128 | 83.1% | |||||
| Yes | 58 | 11.3% | 20 | 7.9% | 12 | 11.4% | 26 | 16.9% | |||||
| Clinical measures | |||||||||||||
| Time to OTNY (days) | 937 | 170.0 (82.0–341.0) | 474 | 175.5 (85.0–337.0) | 155 | 149.0 (75.0–286.0) | 308 | 180.0 (85.5–351.0) | χ2(2) = 1.78 | 0.412 | |||
| Age at onset of psychosis | 937 | 20.9 (3.2) | 474 | 21.0 (3.5) | 155 | 20.9 (2.9) | 308 | 20.8 (2.9) | F(2, 934) = 0.39 | 0.680 | |||
| Violent ideation/attempt | χ2(2) = 8.17 | 0.017 | 0.053 | 0.008 | 0.851 | ||||||||
| No | 722 | 77.0% | 384 | 80.8% | 114 | 73.5% | 224 | 72.7% | |||||
| Yes | 216 | 23.0% | 91 | 19.2% | 41 | 26.5% | 84 | 27.3% | |||||
| Suicide ideation/attempt | χ2(2) = 6.19 | 0.045 | 0.079 | 0.024 | 0.964 | ||||||||
| No | 669 | 71.3% | 356 | 74.9% | 105 | 67.7% | 208 | 67.5% | |||||
| Yes | 269 | 28.7% | 119 | 25.1% | 50 | 32.3% | 100 | ||||||
| Baseline tobacco use | χ2(2) = 56.37 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.079 | ||||||||
| No | 802 | 85.5% | 445 | 93.7% | 127 | 81.9% | 230 | 74.7% | |||||
| Yes | 136 | 14.5% | 30 | 6.3% | 28 | 18.1% | 78 | 25.3% | |||||
| Baseline alcohol use | χ2(2) = 87.04 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.012 | ||||||||
| No | 703 | 74.9% | 415 | 87.4% | 84 | 54.2% | 204 | 66.2% | |||||
| Yes | 235 | 25.1% | 60 | 12.6% | 71 | 45.8% | 104 | 33.8% | |||||
| Baseline other drug use | χ2(2) = 44.85 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.073 | ||||||||
| No | 884 | 94.2% | 470 | 98.9% | 133 | 85.8% | 281 | 91.2% | |||||
| Yes | 54 | 5.8% | 5 | 1.1% | 22 | 14.2% | 27 | 8.8% | |||||
| Baseline outcome measures | |||||||||||||
| GAF symptoms | 937 | 30.7 (14.9) | 474 | 32.5 (15.9) | 155 | 29.7 (13.1) | 308 | 28.3 (13.7) | F(2, 934) = 7.81 | <0.001 | 0.053 | <0.001 | 0.282 |
| GAF SF | 934 | 56.3 (15.9) | 472 | 56.9 (16.0) | 155 | 55.9 (14.9) | 307 | 55.7 (16.4) | F(2, 931) = 0.60 | 0.548 | |||
| GAF OC | 933 | 36.2 (20.0) | 472 | 37.9 (21.4) | 155 | 35.3 (18.3) | 306 | 34.1 (18.3) | F(2, 930) = 3.62 | 0.027 | 0.170 | 0.010 | 0.510 |
| Education/employment | χ2(2) = 1.45 | 0.483 | |||||||||||
| No | 553 | 59.0% | 271 | 57.1% | 95 | 61.3% | 187 | 60.7% | |||||
| Yes | 385 | 41.0% | 204 | 42.9% | 60 | 38.7% | 121 | 39.3% | |||||
| Any psychiatric hospitalization | χ2(2) = 5.34 | 0.069 | |||||||||||
| No | 244 | 26.0% | 136 | 28.6% | 30 | 19.4% | 78 | 25.3% | |||||
| Yes | 694 | 74.0% | 339 | 71.4% | 125 | 80.6% | 230 | 74.7% | |||||
| Medication adherence | χ2(6) = 14.54 | 0.024 | 0.003 | 0.391 | 0.167 | ||||||||
| Not med adherent | 139 | 14.8% | 56 | 11.8% | 36 | 23.2% | 47 | 15.3% | |||||
| Med adherent | 651 | 69.4% | 346 | 72.8% | 96 | 61.9% | 209 | 67.9% | |||||
| Not prescribed meds | 61 | 6.5% | 27 | 5.7% | 12 | 7.7% | 22 | 7.1% | |||||
| Missing | 87 | 9.3% | 46 | 9.7% | 11 | 7.1% | 30 | 9.7% | |||||
| Early discharge prior to | χ2(2) = 0.404 | ||||||||||||
| 1 year No | 634 | 67.6% | 328 | 69.1% | 98 | 63.2% | 208 | 67.5% | |||||
| Yes | 304 | 32.4% | 147 | 30.9% | 57 | 36.8% | 100 | 32.5% | |||||