Table 4.

Social, physical, spatial, economic and institutional enabling conditions and the general implications for policies

	Enabling condition	Implication for policies
Social enabling conditions	Strong rural-urban social networks	Stimulating social capital development; facilitating migration
	Social norms and preferences for local food	Public and private marketing of locally produced foods
	Improved knowledge of rural food system actors about urban preferences	Capacity building; access to information channels; facilitating rural-urban social networks
Physical enabling conditions	Access to rural-urban transportation and communication networks	Investments in communication and transportation infrastructure and affordable public transport
	Formal and informal market infrastructure: logistics, packaging, storage, cooling and processing	Investment in market linkages: expanding value-adding activities
	More strategically located and better equipped marketplaces	Public investment in formal and informal markets and strategic urban planning of marketplaces
	Availability of arable land	Fair and inclusive land tenure policies, off-farm employment opportunities
	Water treatment and irrigation systems	Investments in water treatment facilities and possibilities for water re-use; further development sustainable irrigation infrastructure
Spatial enabling conditions	Dispersed urbanisation patterns	Urban planning stimulating dispersed patterns of urbanisation
	Growth of small- and medium-sized cities	Programs expanding/improving government services in smaller cities, inclusive urban planning
Economic enabling conditions	Trade policies that stimulate local production and inclusive trade	Additional taxation of imports which are subsidised in country of origin; subsidies for domestic products
	Agricultural subsidies to stimulate diverse production	More balanced subsidy systems for diverse food production, rather than a sole focus on staples
Institutional enabling conditions	Access to government services in smaller cities and rural areas	Investing in access to government services and government capacity in rural and smaller urban areas
	Inclusive land governance	Investing in fair land tenure security, enabling access to institutions