Table 3.
Fractions of cardiovascular diseases and mental disorders attributable to effort-reward imbalance (ERI) in Europe
| % | Exposure prevalence | CHD | Depression | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pe | 95% CI | AF | 95% CI | AF | 95% CI | |
| Albania | 13.36 | [10.10–16.63] | 2.60 | [0.35–4.86] | 8.34 | [4.45–12.23] |
| Austria | 8.79 | [6.69–10.89] | 1.73 | [0.22–3.24] | 5.66 | [2.95–8.36] |
| Belgium | 7.90 | [6.60–9.19] | 1.56 | [0.23–2.89] | 5.11 | [2.80–7.42] |
| Bulgaria | 5.47 | [3.69–7.24] | 1.08 | [0.10–2.07] | 3.60 | [1.68–5.52] |
| Croatia | 13.24 | [10.44–16.03] | 2.58 | [0.37–4.79] | 8.27 | [4.52–12.02] |
| Cyprus | 11.97 | [9.50–14.44] | 2.34 | [0.34–4.34] | 7.54 | [4.11–10.97] |
| Czech Rep | 7.00 | [4.87–9.13] | 1.38 | [0.14–2.62] | 4.56 | [2.20–6.92] |
| Denmark | 6.07 | [4.48–7.66] | 1.20 | [0.14–2.26] | 3.98 | [2.00–5.96] |
| Estonia | 6.91 | [4.88–8.95] | 1.37 | [0.15–2.59] | 4.51 | [2.20–6.81] |
| Finland | 6.71 | [4.86–8.56] | 1.33 | [0.15–2.50] | 4.38 | [2.18–6.58] |
| France | 11.45 | [9.62–13.27] | 2.24 | [0.34–4.14] | 7.24 | [4.06–10.42] |
| FYROM | 8.85 | [6.67–11.04] | 1.74 | [0.22–3.26] | 5.70 | [2.95–8.44] |
| Germany | 6.80 | [5.53–8.08] | 1.35 | [0.19–2.50] | 4.44 | [2.38–6.50] |
| Greece | 14.23 | [11.28–17.17] | 2.77 | [0.41–5.13] | 8.83 | [4.87–12.79] |
| Hungary | 9.54 | [7.10–11.98] | 1.88 | [0.23–3.52] | 6.11 | [3.15–9.07] |
| Ireland | 11.59 | [8.81–14.37] | 2.27 | [0.30–4.23] | 7.32 | [3.88–10.76] |
| Italy | 10.37 | [8.26–12.48] | 2.03 | [0.29–3.78] | 6.60 | [3.58–9.63] |
| Latvia | 5.64 | [4.03–7.26] | 1.12 | [0.12–2.12] | 3.71 | [1.81–5.61] |
| Lithuania | 5.52 | [3.81–7.23] | 1.10 | [0.11–2.08] | 3.64 | [1.73–5.55] |
| Luxembourg | 7.83 | [5.83–9.82] | 1.54 | [0.19–2.90] | 5.07 | [2.59–7.55] |
| Malta | 7.93 | [5.91–9.95] | 1.56 | [0.19–2.94] | 5.14 | [2.63–7.64] |
| Montenegro | 14.89 | [11.68–18.10] | 2.89 | [0.42–5.36] | 9.21 | [5.06–13.35] |
| Netherlands | 12.08 | [9.45–14.71] | 2.36 | [0.33–4.39] | 7.61 | [4.12–11.10] |
| Norway | 3.72 | [2.46–4.99] | 0.74 | [0.06–1.42] | 2.48 | [1.12–3.85] |
| Poland | 9.17 | [7.15–11.20] | 1.80 | [0.24–3.36] | 5.89 | [3.13–8.65] |
| Portugal | 8.11 | [5.47–10.75] | 1.60 | [0.16–3.04] | 5.24 | [2.49–8.00] |
| Romania | 7.44 | [4.96–9.91] | 1.47 | [0.14–2.80] | 4.83 | [2.26–7.40] |
| Serbia | 14.79 | [11.69–17.90] | 2.87 | [0.42–5.32] | 9.15 | [5.05–13.25] |
| Slovakia | 7.85 | [5.64–10.07] | 1.55 | [0.18–2.92] | 5.09 | [2.53–7.64] |
| Slovenia | 14.85 | [12.66–17.03] | 2.88 | [0.46–5.30] | 9.18 | [5.26–13.10] |
| Spain | 13.86 | [12.30–15.42] | 2.70 | [0.44–4.95] | 8.63 | [5.00–12.25] |
| Sweden | 10.02 | [7.91–12.13] | 1.97 | [0.27–3.66] | 6.40 | [3.44–9.36] |
| Switzerland | 8.29 | [6.24–10.35] | 1.63 | [0.21–3.06] | 5.36 | [2.76–7.95] |
| Turkey | 15.60 | [13.27–17.92] | 3.02 | [0.49–5.56] | 9.60 | [5.52–13.68] |
| UK | 11.27 | [9.37–13.18] | 2.21 | [0.33–4.08] | 7.14 | [3.97–10.30] |
| Total (35 countries) | 9.83 | [9.47–10.18] | 1.93 | [0.32–3.54] | 6.28 | [3.64–8.92] |
| p-value | *** | ns | *** | |||
| Total (28 EU countries) | 9.70 | [9.16–10.25] | 1.91 | [0.31–3.50] | 6.21 | [3.59–8.83] |
| p-value | *** | ns | ** | |||
Bold: AF significantly different from 0 at 5%. p value for the comparison between countries: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; ns non-significant
FYROM Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Pe prevalence of exposure, AF attributable fraction