Table 5.
Fractions of cardiovascular diseases and mental disorders attributable to long working hours in Europe
| % | Exposure prevalence | CHD | Overall stroke | Atrial fibrillation | Venous thromboembolism | Depression | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pe | 95% CI | AF | 95% CI | AF | 95% CI | AF | 95% CI | AF | 95% CI | AF2 | 95% CI | |
| Albania | 16.51 | [13.04–19.98] | 2.17 | [0.22–4.13] | 5.49 | [1.79–9.19] | 5.49 | [1.79–9.19] | 8.05 | [0.97–15.12] | 2.19 | [0.39–3.99] |
| Austria | 1.51 | [0.63–2.39] | 0.20 | [−0.02–0.43] | 0.53 | [0.05–1.02] | 0.53 | [0.05–1.02] | 0.81 | [−0.09–1.71] | 0.21 | [0.00–0.42] |
| Belgium | 3.08 | [2.25–3.91] | 0.42 | [0.03–0.80] | 1.08 | [0.29–1.86] | 1.08 | [0.29–1.86] | 1.63 | [0.07–3.20] | 0.42 | [0.06–0.78] |
| Bulgaria | 6.38 | [4.54–8.21] | 0.85 | [0.06–1.65] | 2.20 | [0.60–3.80] | 2.20 | [0.60–3.80] | 3.31 | [0.18–6.43] | 0.86 | [0.12–1.60] |
| Croatia | 6.01 | [3.85–8.16] | 0.80 | [0.03–1.58] | 2.08 | [0.50–3.65] | 2.54 | [0.42–4.67] | 3.12 | [0.08–6.16] | 0.81 | [0.09–1.53] |
| Cyprus | 2.30 | [1.32–3.28] | 0.31 | [0.00–0.62] | 0.81 | [0.16–1.46] | 0.99 | [0.12–1.87] | 1.23 | [−0.03–2.48] | 0.31 | [0.02–0.60] |
| Czech Rep | 5.06 | [3.09–7.02] | 0.68 | [0.02–1.34] | 1.76 | [0.39–3.12] | 2.15 | [0.31–3.98] | 2.64 | [0.02–5.26] | 0.68 | [0.07–1.30] |
| Denmark | 2.56 | [1.54–3.57] | 0.34 | [0.01–0.68] | 0.90 | [0.19–1.60] | 1.10 | [0.15–2.06] | 1.36 | [−0.01–2.73] | 0.35 | [0.03–0.66] |
| Estonia | 3.36 | [2.06–4.66] | 0.45 | [0.01–0.89] | 1.17 | [0.26–2.09] | 1.44 | [0.20–2.68] | 1.77 | [0.00–3.55] | 0.45 | [0.04–0.87] |
| Finland | 2.44 | [1.34–3.54] | 0.33 | [0.00–0.66] | 0.86 | [0.15–1.56] | 1.05 | [0.11–1.99] | 1.30 | [−0.05–2.64] | 0.33 | [0.02–0.64] |
| France | 3.51 | [2.36–4.65] | 0.47 | [0.02–0.92] | 1.22 | [0.31–2.14] | 1.50 | [0.25–2.75] | 1.85 | [0.05–3.66] | 0.47 | [0.06–0.89] |
| FYROM | 8.27 | [5.93–10.61] | 1.10 | [0.08–2.13] | 2.84 | [0.80–4.87] | 3.46 | [0.70–6.22] | 4.24 | [0.27–8.20] | 1.11 | [0.16–2.06] |
| Germany | 1.23 | [0.61–1.84] | 0.17 | [−0.01–0.34] | 0.43 | [0.06–0.80] | 0.53 | [0.04–1.03] | 0.66 | [−0.05–1.36] | 0.17 | [0.00–0.33] |
| Greece | 9.07 | [6.40–11.74] | 1.21 | [0.08–2.34] | 3.10 | [0.86–5.34] | 3.78 | [0.76–6.80] | 4.62 | [0.30–8.94] | 1.22 | [0.17–2.26] |
| Hungary | 3.83 | [2.28–5.38] | 0.51 | [0.01–1.02] | 1.34 | [0.28–2.39] | 1.64 | [0.22–3.06] | 2.02 | [−0.01–4.05] | 0.52 | [0.04–0.99] |
| Ireland | 4.84 | [2.99–6.69] | 0.65 | [0.02–1.28] | 1.68 | [0.38–2.98] | 2.06 | [0.31–3.81] | 2.53 | [0.02–5.04] | 0.65 | [0.06–1.24] |
| Italy | 1.39 | [0.43–2.34] | 0.19 | [−0.03–0.40] | 0.49 | [0.01–0.97] | 0.60 | [-0.03–1.23] | 0.74 | [−0.14–1.62] | 0.19 | [−0.02–0.39] |
| Latvia | 3.69 | [1.92–5.45] | 0.50 | [−0.01–1.00] | 1.29 | [0.22–2.36] | 1.58 | [0.15–3.01] | 1.94 | [−0.08–3.97] | 0.50 | [0.02–0.97] |
| Lithuania | 2.26 | [1.00–3.51] | 0.30 | [−0.02–0.63] | 0.79 | [0.09–1.50] | 0.97 | [0.04–1.91] | 1.20 | [−0.12–2.52] | 0.31 | [0.00–0.61] |
| Luxembourg | 2.34 | [1.20–3.48] | 0.32 | [−0.01–0.64] | 0.82 | [0.13–1.51] | 1.01 | [0.08–1.93] | 1.25 | [−0.07–2.56] | 0.32 | [0.01–0.62] |
| Malta | 5.46 | [3.66–7.25] | 0.73 | [0.04–1.43] | 1.89 | [0.48–3.30] | 2.32 | [0.41–4.23] | 2.85 | [0.10–5.59] | 0.74 | [0.09–1.38] |
| Montenegro | 16.98 | [13.70–20.26] | 2.23 | [0.23–4.23] | 5.63 | [1.87–9.40] | 6.82 | [1.75–11.89] | 8.26 | [1.04–15.47] | 2.25 | [0.41–4.09] |
| Netherlands | 2.20 | [1.08–3.31] | 0.30 | [−0.01–0.60] | 0.77 | [0.11–1.43] | 0.95 | [0.06–1.83] | 1.17 | [−0.08–2.42] | 0.30 | [0.01–0.59] |
| Norway | 2.82 | [1.72–3.92] | 0.38 | [0.01–0.75] | 0.99 | [0.21–1.76] | 1.21 | [0.17–2.26] | 1.50 | [−0.01–3.00] | 0.38 | [0.04–0.73] |
| Poland | 5.82 | [4.13–7.50] | 0.78 | [0.05–1.51] | 2.01 | [0.55–3.48] | 2.46 | [0.47–4.46] | 3.03 | [0.15–5.90] | 0.78 | [0.11–1.46] |
| Portugal | 2.97 | [1.36–4.58] | 0.40 | [−0.03–0.82] | 1.04 | [0.13–1.95] | 1.27 | [0.07–2.48] | 1.57 | [−0.13–3.27] | 0.40 | [0.00–0.80] |
| Romania | 5.50 | [3.87–7.12] | 0.74 | [0.05–1.43] | 1.91 | [0.51–3.30] | 2.33 | [0.44–4.22] | 2.87 | [0.13–5.60] | 0.74 | [0.10–1.38] |
| Serbia | 10.60 | [7.66–13.54] | 1.41 | [0.10–2.71] | 3.60 | [1.04–6.16] | 4.39 | [0.93–7.84] | 5.35 | [0.41–10.29] | 1.42 | [0.21–2.62] |
| Slovakia | 4.15 | [2.47–5.84] | 0.56 | [0.01–1.11] | 1.45 | [0.31–2.59] | 1.77 | [0.24–3.31] | 2.18 | [−0.01–4.38] | 0.56 | [0.05–1.07] |
| Slovenia | 4.48 | [3.12–5.84] | 0.60 | [0.03–1.17] | 1.56 | [0.41–2.71] | 1.91 | [0.35–3.48] | 2.35 | [0.09–4.61] | 0.61 | [0.08–1.13] |
| Spain | 4.31 | [3.26–5.36] | 0.58 | [0.04–1.11] | 1.50 | [0.43–2.57] | 1.84 | [0.37–3.31] | 2.26 | [0.13–4.40] | 0.58 | [0.09–1.07] |
| Sweden | 2.76 | [1.60–3.92] | 0.37 | [0.00–0.74] | 0.97 | [0.19–1.74] | 1.19 | [0.14–2.23] | 1.46 | [−0.03–2.96] | 0.37 | [0.03–0.72] |
| Switzerland | 1.02 | [0.36–1.69] | 0.14 | [−0.02–0.30] | 0.36 | [0.02–0.71] | 0.44 | [−0.01–0.90] | 0.55 | [−0.09–1.19] | 0.14 | [−0.01–0.29] |
| Turkey | 25.46 | [22.65–28.27] | 3.31 | [0.42–6.19] | 8.20 | [3.00–13.39] | 9.85 | [2.91–16.80] | 11.81 | [2.01–21.61] | 3.33 | [0.68–5.97] |
| UK | 5.71 | [4.31–7.12] | 0.77 | [0.06–1.47] | 1.98 | [0.57–3.39] | 2.42 | [0.50–4.34] | 2.98 | [0.19–5.76] | 0.77 | [0.12–1.42] |
| Total (35 countries) | 5.13 | [4.86–5.40] | 0.69 | [0.08–1.30] | 1.78 | [0.59–2.97] | 2.18 | [0.53–3.83] | 2.68 | [0.25–5.11] | 0.69 | [0.13–1.25] |
| p value | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||||||
| Total (28 EU countries) | 3.52 | [3.18–3.87] | 0.47 | [0.05–0.90] | 1.23 | [0.40–2.07] | 1.51 | [0.35–2.67] | 1.86 | [0.15–3.57] | 0.48 | [0.09–0.86] |
| p value | *** | ns | ** | *** | ns | * | ||||||
Bold: AF significantly different from 0 at 5%. p value for the comparison between countries: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; ns non-significant
FYROM Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Pe prevalence of exposure, AF attributable fraction