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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jun 28.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Sci Technol. 2020 Sep 28;54(20):13157–13166. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03857

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Geometric means (GMs) of biomarker concentrations [ng/mL] among different study cohorts from 2007 to 2017. All GMs were corrected for dilution either using specific gravity or creatinine. Only non-pregnant women aged 20 to 50 years were included in U.S. (NHANES): Non-pregnant women. The least square geometric means were used in the SELMA study and their model adjusted for urinary creatinine, age, body weight, smoking status, education and sampling season. For consistency across study cohorts, GMs for the sum of DEHP metabolites (ΣDEHP) were calculated by adding GMs [ng/mL] of individual DEHP metabolites. Phthalate metabolite concentrations for NHANES’s pregnant women were only available in a small sample size (range: 18 to 26 pregnant women), depending on the NHANES cycle, and hence comparisons with NHANES’s pregnant women should be interpreted cautiously. MCPP is a metabolite of DOP and other parent compounds, MCOP is a metabolite of DiNP, and MCNP is a metabolite of DiDP and DPHP.