Fig. 5.

Error in the calculation of the annual atmospheric CO₂ emission downstream of the Kariba Dam generated by ignoring carbopeaking. Yearly CO₂ emission flux downstream of Kariba Dam calculated using the hourly time series (horizontal line, 377 g C$\cdot$m${}^{-2}\cdot$y${}^{-1}$) and the same flux calculated just using measurements at a certain time of the day indicated in the abscissa (black line). The bar plot shows the relative difference (in percentage) between the yearly flux estimated by using measurements at a certain hour of the day and the total integral of the hourly CO₂ atmospheric emission. Error bars show the difference between the three different models used to calculate the CO₂ atmospheric emission. See Materials and Methods and SI Appendix.