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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jun 28.
Published in final edited form as: Child Dev. 2021 Apr 9;92(3):821–832. doi: 10.1111/cdev.13565

Table 1.

Sample Characteristics

Spanking (n = 40) Control (n = 107) Physical and sexual abuse (n = 26)
% n % n % N
Female 55 22 49 53 65 17
Racial/ethnic minority 28 11 36 39 38 10
M SD M SD M SD
Age 11.68 0.87 11.57 0.49 11.69 0.55
Income-to-needs 3.12* 1.77 3.89 1.65 3.21 2.15
Birthweight 6.17 1.53 5.9 1.6 6.87* 2.63
*

Mean is significantly different from the mean in the control group (p < .05).