Table 5.
Results of the Risk of Bias Assessment using the Downs and Black Assessment Tool
| Author (Publication Year) | Reporting (11)* | External validity (3)* | Bias (7)* | Confounding (6)* | Power (1)* | Total (28)* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kim (2018) | 10 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 18 |
| CSGRDSPI (2017) | 5 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 12 |
| Melamed (2016) | 10 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 20 |
| Hoellen (2016) | 6 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 12 |
| Riskin- Mashiah (2015) | 9 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 19 |
| Griffin (2015) | 7 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 16 |
| Ishikawa (2015) | 10 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 20 |
| Mitsiakos (2013) | 10 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 18 |
| van Stralen (2009) | 10 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 18 |
| Torrance (2007) | 9 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 16 |
| Foix-L’Helias (2005) | 8 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 16 |
| Schaap (2001) | 10 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 18 |
| Bernstein (1999) | 8 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 16 |
| Elimian (1999) | 10 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 19 |
| Ley (1997) | 8 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 17 |
| Spinillo (1995) | 10 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 18 |
*
Maximum number can be scored in that criterion.