Table 2.

Proposed relationships between harmful behavior leadership and important correlates

Construct	Prediction				Findings
HLB	Excessive pressure	Intimidation	Self- centeredness	Lack of care	Excessive pressure	Intimidation	Self- centeredness	Lack of care
Discriminant validity personal characteristics
Age	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gender	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hours worked per week	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Contact with leader	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Education	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tenure	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Size of organization	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Business sector	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nomological validity: leadership styles
Abusive supervision*	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
DLB overall*	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Ethical leadership	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−
Initiating structure*	−	0	−	0	−	0	−	−
Consideration*	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−
Laissez faire*	0	0	+	+	+	+	+	+
Management by exception active*	+	+	0	0	+	+	+	0
Management by exception passive*	0	0	+	+	+	+	+	+
Nomological validity: follower personality and attitudes
Satisfaction with the leader	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−
Engagement	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−
Engagement dedication	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−
Engagement absorption	−	−	−	−	−	0	−	−
Engagement vigor	−	−	−	−	−	0	−	−
Affective commitment	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−
Deviance	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Knowledge sharing	0	−	0	−	0	0	0	−
Knowledge hiding	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	0
Psychology safety	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−
Perfectionism	+	0	0	0	+	0	0	0
Workaholism	+	0	0	0	+	0	0	0
Desire for control	+	+	0	0	+	0	0	0
Distrust	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
COVID-19	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	0

*Controlled for COVID-19 effects